Chapter 11 Flashcards
what does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
what is DNA?
genetic instructions that inform the organism how to operate to survive
structure of DNA
double helix
hat are the monomers in DNA called?
nucleotides
what does the order of the bases on DNA do?
codes for an organism’s genes
what is on each of the nucleotides
a base (A,C,G,T)
how is DNA bonded together?
two bases (one on each strand of the helix) pair up and form cross links to keep the two strands of nucleotides together
what is the process in which DNA is made?
the condensation polymerisation of the nulecotides
equation for the formation of DNA
millions of nucleotides -> DNA (a polymer) + water
what are sugars made from?
carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
how are carbonates (larger polymers) formed?
sugars react together by polymerisation to form carbohydrates
what are plastics made from?
polymers
how are polymers made?
polymerisation
when long chains of monomers join together
what monomers are commonly found in plastics?
alkenes
what is the smallest unsaturated hydrocarbon?
ethene
what polymer does ethene make
polyethene
uses of polyethene 3
plastic bags
plastic waterbottles
clingfilm
properties of polyethene 3
strong, easy to shape, transparent
ethene monomers ->
polyethene
what polymer does propene make?
polypropene
properties of polypropene 2
very strong and tough
uses of polypropene 3
carpets, milk crates, ropes
propene monomers ->
poly(propene)
what must be present for addition polymerisation?
a double covalent bond
process of addition polymerisation
the double covalent bond in an alkene opens up
it is replaced by a single carbon-carbon bond between the atoms and another bond the other side of the atom (to attach to another carbon atom)
what conditions are needed for addition polymerisation? 2
catalyst and high pressure
what is important to remember about the number of atoms in an addition polymer?
nothing else is formed so it contains exactly the same type and number of atoms as the monomers that formed it
what makes an alkene more reactive than an alkane?
the double C=C bond in the alkene
how many products will be formed in any addition reaction between alkenes?
1
2 examples of condensation polymers
nylon and polyester
what are two common examples of the small molecules given off in a condensation reaction?
water
hydrogen chloride
the main difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation
in addition, you only get ONE product (the polymer)
in condensation, you get a polymer + a small molecule
what is important to remember about the monomers in addition polymerisation?
they are often the same alkene
what is important to remember about the monomers in condensation polymerisation?
two different monomers are often used
one monomer will have a certain type of functional group at each end of its molecule
the other will have a different type of functional group at each end of its molecule
but they must react together
OR:
one monomer type with two different functional groups
when nylon is produced, what small molecule is released?
hydrogen chloride gas
general equation to make polyester
a diol + a dicarboxylic acid -> a polyester + water
what is a diol?
an alcohol containing two -OH groups
what is a dicarboxylic acid?
a carboxylic acid containing two -COOH groups
general way of presenting any diol (alcohol with two -OH groups)
H0- (box) -OH
general way of presenting any dicarboxylic acid
HOOC - (box) - COOH
3 naturally occurring polymers
starch, cellulose and protein
what are carbohydrates made from?
sugar
general formula for carbohydrates
Cx (H2O) y
what is a monosaccharide ?
made of one sugar unit
how are starch and cellulose formed?
condensation polymerisation of glucose and water is lost
glucose monomers -
- > starch polymers + water
- > cellulose polymers + water
what is a polysaccharide?
made of more than one sugar unit
what will a variety of amino acids combine to produce?
protein + water
what two functional groups does an amino acid contain?
amino group and a carboxylic acid grou
functional amino group
NH2
what is the smallest amino acid?
glycine
what polymers can amino acids form?
polypeptides
how are polypeptides formed?
condensation polymerisation
WHY are polypeptides formed?
the acidic carboxyl group and the basic amino group (an acid and a base) react together
what is lost when a polypeptide is formed
water
what are long-chain polypeptides called?
proteins
