Chapter 11

Question 1

what does DNA stand for?

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 2

what is DNA?

Answer 2

genetic instructions that inform the organism how to operate to survive

Question 3

structure of DNA

Answer 3

double helix

Question 4

hat are the monomers in DNA called?

Answer 4

nucleotides

Question 5

what does the order of the bases on DNA do?

Answer 5

codes for an organism’s genes

Question 6

what is on each of the nucleotides

Answer 6

a base (A,C,G,T)

Question 7

how is DNA bonded together?

Answer 7

two bases (one on each strand of the helix) pair up and form cross links to keep the two strands of nucleotides together

Question 8

what is the process in which DNA is made?

Answer 8

the condensation polymerisation of the nulecotides

Question 9

equation for the formation of DNA

Answer 9

millions of nucleotides -> DNA (a polymer) + water

Question 10

what are sugars made from?

Answer 10

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

Question 11

how are carbonates (larger polymers) formed?

Answer 11

sugars react together by polymerisation to form carbohydrates

Question 12

what are plastics made from?

Answer 12

polymers

Question 13

how are polymers made?

Answer 13

polymerisation

when long chains of monomers join together

Question 14

what monomers are commonly found in plastics?

Answer 14

alkenes

Question 15

what is the smallest unsaturated hydrocarbon?

Answer 15

ethene

Question 16

what polymer does ethene make

Answer 16

polyethene

Question 17

uses of polyethene 3

Answer 17

plastic bags
plastic waterbottles
clingfilm

Question 18

properties of polyethene 3

Answer 18

strong, easy to shape, transparent

Question 19

ethene monomers ->

Answer 19

polyethene

Question 20

what polymer does propene make?

Answer 20

polypropene

Question 21

properties of polypropene 2

Answer 21

very strong and tough

Question 22

uses of polypropene 3

Answer 22

carpets, milk crates, ropes

Question 23

propene monomers ->

Answer 23

poly(propene)

Question 24

what must be present for addition polymerisation?

Answer 24

a double covalent bond

Question 25

process of addition polymerisation

Answer 25

the double covalent bond in an alkene opens up it is replaced by a single carbon-carbon bond between the atoms and another bond the other side of the atom (to attach to another carbon atom)

Question 26

what conditions are needed for addition polymerisation? 2

Answer 26

catalyst and high pressure

Question 27

what is important to remember about the number of atoms in an addition polymer?

Answer 27

nothing else is formed so it contains exactly the same type and number of atoms as the monomers that formed it

Question 28

what makes an alkene more reactive than an alkane?

Answer 28

the double C=C bond in the alkene

Question 29

how many products will be formed in any addition reaction between alkenes?

Answer 29

1

Question 30

2 examples of condensation polymers

Answer 30

nylon and polyester

Question 31

what are two common examples of the small molecules given off in a condensation reaction?

Answer 31

water | hydrogen chloride

Question 32

the main difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

Answer 32

in addition, you only get ONE product (the polymer) | in condensation, you get a polymer + a small molecule

Question 33

what is important to remember about the monomers in addition polymerisation?

Answer 33

they are often the same alkene

Question 34

what is important to remember about the monomers in condensation polymerisation?

Answer 34

two different monomers are often used one monomer will have a certain type of functional group at each end of its molecule the other will have a different type of functional group at each end of its molecule but they must react together OR: one monomer type with two different functional groups

Question 35

when nylon is produced, what small molecule is released?

Answer 35

hydrogen chloride gas

Question 36

general equation to make polyester

Answer 36

a diol + a dicarboxylic acid -> a polyester + water

Question 37

what is a diol?

Answer 37

an alcohol containing two -OH groups

Question 38

what is a dicarboxylic acid?

Answer 38

a carboxylic acid containing two -COOH groups

Question 39

general way of presenting any diol (alcohol with two -OH groups)

Answer 39

H0- (box) -OH

Question 40

general way of presenting any dicarboxylic acid

Answer 40

HOOC - (box) - COOH

Question 41

3 naturally occurring polymers

Answer 41

starch, cellulose and protein

Question 42

what are carbohydrates made from?

Answer 42

sugar

Question 43

general formula for carbohydrates

Answer 43

Cx (H2O) y

Question 44

what is a monosaccharide ?

Answer 44

made of one sugar unit

Question 45

how are starch and cellulose formed?

Answer 45

condensation polymerisation of glucose and water is lost

Question 46

glucose monomers -

Answer 46

- > starch polymers + water | - > cellulose polymers + water

Question 47

what is a polysaccharide?

Answer 47

made of more than one sugar unit

Question 48

what will a variety of amino acids combine to produce?

Answer 48

protein + water

Question 49

what two functional groups does an amino acid contain?

Answer 49

amino group and a carboxylic acid grou

Question 50

functional amino group

Answer 50

NH2

Question 51

what is the smallest amino acid?

Answer 51

glycine

Question 52

what polymers can amino acids form?

Answer 52

polypeptides

Question 53

how are polypeptides formed?

Answer 53

condensation polymerisation

Question 54

WHY are polypeptides formed?

Answer 54

the acidic carboxyl group and the basic amino group (an acid and a base) react together

Question 55

what is lost when a polypeptide is formed

Answer 55

water

Question 56

what are long-chain polypeptides called?

Answer 56

proteins