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Chemistry ⚗ > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

what is DNA?

A

genetic instructions that inform the organism how to operate to survive

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3
Q

structure of DNA

A

double helix

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4
Q

hat are the monomers in DNA called?

A

nucleotides

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5
Q

what does the order of the bases on DNA do?

A

codes for an organism’s genes

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6
Q

what is on each of the nucleotides

A

a base (A,C,G,T)

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7
Q

how is DNA bonded together?

A

two bases (one on each strand of the helix) pair up and form cross links to keep the two strands of nucleotides together

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8
Q

what is the process in which DNA is made?

A

the condensation polymerisation of the nulecotides

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9
Q

equation for the formation of DNA

A

millions of nucleotides -> DNA (a polymer) + water

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10
Q

what are sugars made from?

A

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen

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11
Q

how are carbonates (larger polymers) formed?

A

sugars react together by polymerisation to form carbohydrates

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12
Q

what are plastics made from?

A

polymers

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13
Q

how are polymers made?

A

polymerisation

when long chains of monomers join together

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14
Q

what monomers are commonly found in plastics?

A

alkenes

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15
Q

what is the smallest unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

ethene

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16
Q

what polymer does ethene make

A

polyethene

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17
Q

uses of polyethene 3

A

plastic bags
plastic waterbottles
clingfilm

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18
Q

properties of polyethene 3

A

strong, easy to shape, transparent

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19
Q

ethene monomers ->

A

polyethene

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20
Q

what polymer does propene make?

A

polypropene

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21
Q

properties of polypropene 2

A

very strong and tough

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22
Q

uses of polypropene 3

A

carpets, milk crates, ropes

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23
Q

propene monomers ->

A

poly(propene)

24
Q

what must be present for addition polymerisation?

A

a double covalent bond

25
Q

process of addition polymerisation

A

the double covalent bond in an alkene opens up
it is replaced by a single carbon-carbon bond between the atoms and another bond the other side of the atom (to attach to another carbon atom)

26
Q

what conditions are needed for addition polymerisation? 2

A

catalyst and high pressure

27
Q

what is important to remember about the number of atoms in an addition polymer?

A

nothing else is formed so it contains exactly the same type and number of atoms as the monomers that formed it

28
Q

what makes an alkene more reactive than an alkane?

A

the double C=C bond in the alkene

29
Q

how many products will be formed in any addition reaction between alkenes?

A

1

30
Q

2 examples of condensation polymers

A

nylon and polyester

31
Q

what are two common examples of the small molecules given off in a condensation reaction?

A

water

hydrogen chloride

32
Q

the main difference between addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation

A

in addition, you only get ONE product (the polymer)

in condensation, you get a polymer + a small molecule

33
Q

what is important to remember about the monomers in addition polymerisation?

A

they are often the same alkene

34
Q

what is important to remember about the monomers in condensation polymerisation?

A

two different monomers are often used
one monomer will have a certain type of functional group at each end of its molecule
the other will have a different type of functional group at each end of its molecule
but they must react together
OR:
one monomer type with two different functional groups

35
Q

when nylon is produced, what small molecule is released?

A

hydrogen chloride gas

36
Q

general equation to make polyester

A

a diol + a dicarboxylic acid -> a polyester + water

37
Q

what is a diol?

A

an alcohol containing two -OH groups

38
Q

what is a dicarboxylic acid?

A

a carboxylic acid containing two -COOH groups

39
Q

general way of presenting any diol (alcohol with two -OH groups)

A

H0- (box) -OH

40
Q

general way of presenting any dicarboxylic acid

A

HOOC - (box) - COOH

41
Q

3 naturally occurring polymers

A

starch, cellulose and protein

42
Q

what are carbohydrates made from?

A

sugar

43
Q

general formula for carbohydrates

A

Cx (H2O) y

44
Q

what is a monosaccharide ?

A

made of one sugar unit

45
Q

how are starch and cellulose formed?

A

condensation polymerisation of glucose and water is lost

46
Q

glucose monomers -

A
  • > starch polymers + water

- > cellulose polymers + water

47
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

made of more than one sugar unit

48
Q

what will a variety of amino acids combine to produce?

A

protein + water

49
Q

what two functional groups does an amino acid contain?

A

amino group and a carboxylic acid grou

50
Q

functional amino group

A

NH2

51
Q

what is the smallest amino acid?

A

glycine

52
Q

what polymers can amino acids form?

A

polypeptides

53
Q

how are polypeptides formed?

A

condensation polymerisation

54
Q

WHY are polypeptides formed?

A

the acidic carboxyl group and the basic amino group (an acid and a base) react together

55
Q

what is lost when a polypeptide is formed

A

water

56
Q

what are long-chain polypeptides called?

A

proteins

Chemistry ⚗ (17 decks)

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