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Chemistry ⚗ > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a functional group?

A

it is what gives a family of compounds their characteristic reactions

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2
Q

what is the functional group of an alkene?

A

the C=C bond

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3
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

a family of an organic compounds with the same functional group

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4
Q

why aren’t alkenes used as fuels?

A

they commonly combust incompletely which releases much less energy

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5
Q

functional group of alcohols

A

OH-

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6
Q

where do you find the OH- on an alcohol molecule?

A

on bthe very right

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7
Q

first four components of the alcohol series?

A

methanol
ethanol
propanol
butanol

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8
Q

functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

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9
Q

first four carboxylic acids

A

methanoic acid
ethanoic acids
propanoic acid
butanoic acid

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10
Q

functional group in esters

A

-COO-

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11
Q

how is ethanol produced?

A

fermentation

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12
Q

how is ethene obtained?

A

cracking crude oil

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13
Q

how is ethanol made?

A

reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a catalyst

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14
Q

what property makes alcohols useful as solvents?

A

they dissolve many other substances

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15
Q

3 uses of alcohols?

A

perfumes
mouthwash
aftershave

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16
Q

what is produced when an alcohol combusts?

A

carbon dioxide and water

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17
Q

what is produced when an alcohol is mixed with sodium? (eg ethanol)

A

sodium (eth)oxide and hydrogen

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18
Q

what is produced when an alcohol is oxidised?

A

a carboxylic acid and water

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19
Q

general formula of alkenes

A

Cn H2n

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20
Q

what are alkenes?

A

hydrocarbons with a double C=C bond

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21
Q

what makes alkenes unsaturated?

A

the double C=C bond means that they have two fewer hydrogen compared to the alkanes with the same number of carbons

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22
Q

what are the first four alkenes and how many carbons do they have?

A

ethene (2)
propene (3)
butene (4)
pentene (5)

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23
Q

what is produced when alkenes combust completely?

A

water and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

what happens when alkenes burn in air and why?

A

they undergo incomplete combustion

there isn’t enough oxygen

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25
what is produced during incomplete combustion? 4
water, carbon dioxide, carbon and carbon monoxide
26
why are alkanes used as fuels?
they combust completely and release more energy
27
what happens when alkenes burn?
incomplete combustion | burn with a smoky yellow flame
28
why are alkenes unsaturated?
the double C=C bond means they don't have the maximum amount of hydrogens
29
what is hydrogenation?
the addition of hydrogen
30
what happens when hydrogen is added to an alkene?
the equivalent, saturated, alkane is formed
31
which catalyst is used for hydrogenation?
nickel
32
why is hydrogenation used?
it increases the melting point of oils so things like margarine can be spread easily
33
what must ethene react with to produce ethanol?
steam
34
process of making ethanol
ethene is mixed with steam water is added across the double bond it is passed over a catalyst alcohol formed
35
what is important to remember about the reaction of ethene and steam to make ethanol?
it is reversible
36
process of purifying alcohol
the reaction mixture is passed into a condenser ethanol and water have a higher boiling point than ethene so they both condense whilst any unreacted ethene gas is recycled back into recator it is then purified via fractional distillation
37
what happens to the colour of the mixture when an alkene and halogen react?
the ethene takes the colour so the mixture becomes colourless
38
how can bromine be used to test for alkenes?
when orange bromine water is added to an alkene, dibromoethane will be formed, which is colourless
39
what is produced when bromine and ethene react?
colourless dibromoethane
40
what are the molecules like that are formed when an alkene and bromine react?
they are saturated and colourless
41
functional group of alcohols?
-OH
42
general formula of an alcohol
Cn H(2n+1) OH
43
first 4 alcohols and their formulas
methanol (CH3OH) ethanol (C2H5OH) propanol (C3H7OH) butanol (C4H9OH)
44
what is the main acid in vinegar and which homologous group does this belong to?
ethanoic acid | carboxylic acids
45
functional group of carboxylic acids
-COOH
46
first 4 carboxylic acids and their formulas
``` methanoic acid (HCOOH) ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) propannoic acid (C2H5COOH) butanoic acid (C4H7COOH) ```
47
functional group of an ester
-COO-
48
how is an ester formed?
when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react
49
which type of catalyst is normally used to make esters?
acid
50
formula for creation of ester
alcohol + carboxylic acid -(acid catalyst)-> ester + water
51
what is produced when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?
an acidic solution
52
which is the ester we must know?
ethyl ethanoate
53
what is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?
salt, water and carbon dioxide
54
when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate to produce a salt, what will the name end in?
ethanoate
55
example of a carboxylic acid + carbonate reaction
ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate -> sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide
56
why are esters used in perfumes and food flavourings? 2
they smell fruity and are volatile (evaporate easily)
57
general equation for formation of an ester
carboxylic acid + alcohol -(acid catalyst)-> ester + water
58
why is carbon dioxide given off slowly when a carbonate reacts with a carboxylic acid?
they are weak acids
59
why must acids dissolve in water before they show their acidic properties?
in water, all acids will ionise (split up)
60
what is produced when acids ionise? 2
H+ ions and negative (metal) ions
61
what is it that turns a solution acidic?
H+ ions
62
what makes an acid weak?
it doesn't ionise completely
63
why are carboxylic acids weak?
they don't ionise completely so they only form weak acidic solutions they have fewer H+ ions so react more slowly with carbonates
64
how is ethanol made?
fermentation
65
process of fermentation
an enzyme in yeast converts sugars to ethanol
66
equation for fermentation
sugar -(yeast)-> ethanol + carbon dioxide
67
conditions needed for optimum fermentation 3
37 degrees slightly acidic solution anaerobic conditions
68
why does fermentation have optimum conditions?
it is when the enzyme in yeast works best
69
another way of creating ethanol
react ethene and steam in the presence of a catalyst
70
why are alcohols used as solvents?
they dissolve everything water can and more
71
why are alcohols used as fuels?
they burn fairly cleanly and don't smell
72
what is produced when an alcohol combusts in air?
carbon dioxide and water
73
what is the reaction of sodium and an alcohol similar to?
reaction of sodium and water
74
what observations can be made when sodium reacts with alcohol? 2
sodium produces hydrogen (as bubbles) | gets smaller and smaller
75
what is produced when the first four alcohols react wit water?
they are soluble and produce a neutral solution
76
how are carboxylic acids produced?
alcohols are oxidised in air
77
why do bottles of wine taste like vinegar when left open for too long?
the oxygen oxidises the alcohol to produce ethanoic acid (vinegar)

Chemistry ⚗ (17 decks)

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