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Chemistry ⚗ > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a functional group?

A

it is what gives a family of compounds their characteristic reactions

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2
Q

what is the functional group of an alkene?

A

the C=C bond

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3
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

a family of an organic compounds with the same functional group

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4
Q

why aren’t alkenes used as fuels?

A

they commonly combust incompletely which releases much less energy

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5
Q

functional group of alcohols

A

OH-

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6
Q

where do you find the OH- on an alcohol molecule?

A

on bthe very right

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7
Q

first four components of the alcohol series?

A

methanol
ethanol
propanol
butanol

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8
Q

functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

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9
Q

first four carboxylic acids

A

methanoic acid
ethanoic acids
propanoic acid
butanoic acid

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10
Q

functional group in esters

A

-COO-

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11
Q

how is ethanol produced?

A

fermentation

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12
Q

how is ethene obtained?

A

cracking crude oil

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13
Q

how is ethanol made?

A

reacting ethene with steam in the presence of a catalyst

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14
Q

what property makes alcohols useful as solvents?

A

they dissolve many other substances

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15
Q

3 uses of alcohols?

A

perfumes
mouthwash
aftershave

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16
Q

what is produced when an alcohol combusts?

A

carbon dioxide and water

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17
Q

what is produced when an alcohol is mixed with sodium? (eg ethanol)

A

sodium (eth)oxide and hydrogen

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18
Q

what is produced when an alcohol is oxidised?

A

a carboxylic acid and water

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19
Q

general formula of alkenes

A

Cn H2n

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20
Q

what are alkenes?

A

hydrocarbons with a double C=C bond

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21
Q

what makes alkenes unsaturated?

A

the double C=C bond means that they have two fewer hydrogen compared to the alkanes with the same number of carbons

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22
Q

what are the first four alkenes and how many carbons do they have?

A

ethene (2)
propene (3)
butene (4)
pentene (5)

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23
Q

what is produced when alkenes combust completely?

A

water and carbon dioxide

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24
Q

what happens when alkenes burn in air and why?

A

they undergo incomplete combustion

there isn’t enough oxygen

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25
Q

what is produced during incomplete combustion? 4

A

water, carbon dioxide, carbon and carbon monoxide

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26
Q

why are alkanes used as fuels?

A

they combust completely and release more energy

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27
Q

what happens when alkenes burn?

A

incomplete combustion

burn with a smoky yellow flame

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28
Q

why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

the double C=C bond means they don’t have the maximum amount of hydrogens

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29
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

the addition of hydrogen

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30
Q

what happens when hydrogen is added to an alkene?

A

the equivalent, saturated, alkane is formed

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31
Q

which catalyst is used for hydrogenation?

A

nickel

32
Q

why is hydrogenation used?

A

it increases the melting point of oils so things like margarine can be spread easily

33
Q

what must ethene react with to produce ethanol?

A

steam

34
Q

process of making ethanol

A

ethene is mixed with steam
water is added across the double bond
it is passed over a catalyst
alcohol formed

35
Q

what is important to remember about the reaction of ethene and steam to make ethanol?

A

it is reversible

36
Q

process of purifying alcohol

A

the reaction mixture is passed into a condenser
ethanol and water have a higher boiling point than ethene so they both condense whilst any unreacted ethene gas is recycled back into recator
it is then purified via fractional distillation

37
Q

what happens to the colour of the mixture when an alkene and halogen react?

A

the ethene takes the colour so the mixture becomes colourless

38
Q

how can bromine be used to test for alkenes?

A

when orange bromine water is added to an alkene, dibromoethane will be formed, which is colourless

39
Q

what is produced when bromine and ethene react?

A

colourless dibromoethane

40
Q

what are the molecules like that are formed when an alkene and bromine react?

A

they are saturated and colourless

41
Q

functional group of alcohols?

A

-OH

42
Q

general formula of an alcohol

A

Cn H(2n+1) OH

43
Q

first 4 alcohols and their formulas

A

methanol (CH3OH)
ethanol (C2H5OH)
propanol (C3H7OH)
butanol (C4H9OH)

44
Q

what is the main acid in vinegar and which homologous group does this belong to?

A

ethanoic acid

carboxylic acids

45
Q

functional group of carboxylic acids

A

-COOH

46
Q

first 4 carboxylic acids and their formulas

A 
methanoic acid (HCOOH)
ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
propannoic acid (C2H5COOH)
butanoic acid (C4H7COOH)
47
Q

functional group of an ester

A

-COO-

48
Q

how is an ester formed?

A

when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid react

49
Q

which type of catalyst is normally used to make esters?

A

acid

50
Q

formula for creation of ester

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid -(acid catalyst)-> ester + water

51
Q

what is produced when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

an acidic solution

52
Q

which is the ester we must know?

A

ethyl ethanoate

53
Q

what is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

A

salt, water and carbon dioxide

54
Q

when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate to produce a salt, what will the name end in?

A

ethanoate

55
Q

example of a carboxylic acid + carbonate reaction

A

ethanoic acid + sodium carbonate -> sodium ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide

56
Q

why are esters used in perfumes and food flavourings? 2

A

they smell fruity and are volatile (evaporate easily)

57
Q

general equation for formation of an ester

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol -(acid catalyst)-> ester + water

58
Q

why is carbon dioxide given off slowly when a carbonate reacts with a carboxylic acid?

A

they are weak acids

59
Q

why must acids dissolve in water before they show their acidic properties?

A

in water, all acids will ionise (split up)

60
Q

what is produced when acids ionise? 2

A

H+ ions and negative (metal) ions

61
Q

what is it that turns a solution acidic?

A

H+ ions

62
Q

what makes an acid weak?

A

it doesn’t ionise completely

63
Q

why are carboxylic acids weak?

A

they don’t ionise completely so they only form weak acidic solutions
they have fewer H+ ions so react more slowly with carbonates

64
Q

how is ethanol made?

A

fermentation

65
Q

process of fermentation

A

an enzyme in yeast converts sugars to ethanol

66
Q

equation for fermentation

A

sugar -(yeast)-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

67
Q

conditions needed for optimum fermentation 3

A

37 degrees
slightly acidic solution
anaerobic conditions

68
Q

why does fermentation have optimum conditions?

A

it is when the enzyme in yeast works best

69
Q

another way of creating ethanol

A

react ethene and steam in the presence of a catalyst

70
Q

why are alcohols used as solvents?

A

they dissolve everything water can and more

71
Q

why are alcohols used as fuels?

A

they burn fairly cleanly and don’t smell

72
Q

what is produced when an alcohol combusts in air?

A

carbon dioxide and water

73
Q

what is the reaction of sodium and an alcohol similar to?

A

reaction of sodium and water

74
Q

what observations can be made when sodium reacts with alcohol? 2

A

sodium produces hydrogen (as bubbles)

gets smaller and smaller

75
Q

what is produced when the first four alcohols react wit water?

A

they are soluble and produce a neutral solution

76
Q

how are carboxylic acids produced?

A

alcohols are oxidised in air

77
Q

why do bottles of wine taste like vinegar when left open for too long?

A

the oxygen oxidises the alcohol to produce ethanoic acid (vinegar)

Chemistry ⚗ (17 decks)

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