Chapter 11

Question 1

Stroke

Answer 1

Refers to brain damage which occurs as a result of cardiovascular issues. Disruption to blood supply causes brain damage to occur veryquickly. Can occur due to a blockage in a blood vessel (ischaemic stroke) or due to a blood vessel rupturing (haemorragic stroke) Associated with sudden onsets of symptoms of brain damage.

Question 2

Two general ways in which human brain function can be disrupted

Answer 2

acquired damage and developmental disorders

Question 3

Gyrus, sulcus, fissure

Answer 3

the outer surface of one of the brains folds, and a sulcus is formed when in the depths of a fold. Very deep folds in the cortex are called fissures, like the lateral fissure that seperates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

Question 4

Aphasia (receptive, expressive and global)

Answer 4

An acquired language disorder, which primarily affects the comprehension of spoken language (receptive aphasia), or the production of spoken language (expressive aphasia). In global aphasia, both speech production and perception are compromised.

Question 5

What area is damaged in Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive aphasia)

Answer 5

the left superior temporal gyrus

Question 6

Neologisms

Answer 6

Non-words which can be used by some neuropsychological patients in place of real words. The patients frequently do not know that they are not using real words.

Question 7

Wernicke’s model of speech preception and production.

Answer 7

Two main functions:
Speech input: Through “Auditory analysis (STG) “ to “Phonological lexicon”
Speech output: Through “Speech-phonetic movement programs” to “Motor systems (motor cortex)”
Phonological lexicon and Speech-phonetic movement programs are connected bidrectional

Question 8

Lichtenheim’s model of speech perception and production

Answer 8

Like Wernicke’s model, just that the “Phonological lexicon” contributes to a “Semantic-conceptual area” that then contributes to the “Speech-phonetic movement programs”

Question 9

In accordance with the models of Wernicke and Lichtenheim, where does the damage for (1) Broca’s aphasia occur, where does the damage for (2) Wernicke’s occur and where does the damage that leads to (3) a problem in connecting from sounds to speech output?

Answer 9

1. Damage in the (A) Speech-phonetic movement programs
2. Damage in the (B) Phonological lexicon
3. Problem in the connection between A and B

Question 10

Boston Aphasia Classification System

Answer 10

A systematic classification of aphasic profiles which can be used to identify aphasia and to predict what profiles of damage a patient might be expected to show when assessing their