Chapter 11

Question 1

is the limit to how far something can bend

Answer 1

Elastic Limit

Question 2

rock can bend and stretch in the same way, once their limit is passed they break

Answer 2

Fault Formation

Question 3

surface along which rocks move when they pass their elastic limit and break

Answer 3

Fault

Question 4

What causes faults?

Answer 4

the constant motion of the Earth. the movement of the ‘plates’ put stress on the edges. the rocks will bend, stretch, compress to alleviate the stress

Question 5

is the vibrations produced by the breaking of rock

Answer 5

Earthquake

Question 6

How Earthquakes occur

Answer 6

The catching of rocks rough surfaces that temporarily stop movement along the fault will build up stress, combined with the constant movement/force of the plates these rocks eventually reach their elastic limit. As the rocks return to their original shape, or move under, over, past each other vibration

Question 7

a break in rock caused by tension forces, where rock above the fault surface moves down in relation to rock below the fault surface.

Answer 7

Normal Fault

Question 8

a break in rock caused by compressive forces, where rock above the fault surface is forced up and over the rock below the fault surface

Answer 8

Reverse Fault

Question 9

a break in rock caused by shear forces where rocks on either side are moving past each other without much upward or downward movement

Answer 9

Strike-slip Fault

Question 10

• energy released by the earthquake

- measured by the Richter Scale/9.5 is the maximum scientists think would register

Answer 10

Earthquake Magnitude:

Question 11

• when soil acts more like a liquid when the earth is shaking
• when this occurs buildings can sink into the soil and collapse

Answer 11

Liquefaction:

Question 12

• ocean waves caused by Earthquakes
• just before the tsunami crashes into the shore the water along the shoreline might move toward the sea, exposing land that normally would not be

Answer 12

Tsunamis:

Question 13

Seismic Waves:

Answer 13

are waves generated by an earthquake when it travels through Earth

Question 14

• the stress that is built up until the elastic limit is reached and released
• the point where this energy release first occurs is the ________ _________

Answer 14

Earthquake Focus:

Question 15

is the point on Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake focus

Answer 15

Earthquake Epicenter:

Question 16

causes particles in rocks to move back and forth in the same direction EX: Coiled Spring

Answer 16

Primary Waves:

Question 17

• move through Earth by causing particles in rocks to move at right angles to the directions of wave traveled
• up and down motion of a rope

Answer 17

Secondary Waves:

Question 18

• cause most of the destruction
• move rock particles in a backward, rolling motion and a side-to-sed, swaying motion
• many buildings are unable to withstand surface waves

Answer 18

Surface Waves:

Question 19

• measures seismic waves from earthquakes

- consists of a rotating drum of paper and a pendelum with a pen attached

Answer 19

Seismograph:

Question 20

Seismograph Stations:

Answer 20

-three stations are needed to locate the epicenter. Circles are drawn around each station and the location where all three circles meet is the epicenter.

Question 21

Waves and Layers:

Answer 21

• Waves speed up as they enter the lower part of the crust and the upper mantle
• primary and secondary waves slow down as they reach the asthenosphere and speed up as they move through the more solid region of the core