C11 Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is the definition of empirical formula?

Answer 1

The simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound.

Question 2

What is a substitution reaction?

Answer 2

An atoms/group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms.

Question 3

Definition of curly arrows

Answer 3

Show movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.

Question 4

What is an addition reaction?

Answer 4

2 reactants join to form 1 product

Question 5

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 5

Involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one.

1 reactant form 2 products (not always)

Question 6

What is homolytic fission?

Answer 6

CB breaks, each of bonded atoms take 1 of shared pair of electrons from bond.

Form radicals

Question 7

Definition of radical.

Answer 7

An atom/groups of atom with an unpaired electron.

Question 8

What is heterolytic fission?

Answer 8

CB breaks, 1 of bonded atoms take BOTH of electrons from bond.

Forms neg and pos ions.

Question 9

Name the 2 types of bond fission.

Answer 9

Heterolytic and homolytic fission

Question 10

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

Answer 10

C atoms joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures , with/without branches.

Question 11

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 11

Carbon atoms joined to each other in unbranched (straight), or unbranched or non-aromatic rings.

Question 12

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

Answer 12

Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring.

Question 13

What are the 3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons you should be aware of?

Answer 13

Alkanes = only C-C

Alkenes = at least 1 C=C

Alkynes = at least 1 carbon-carbon triple bond

Question 14

What is the names used to name the 1st 10 alkanes/alkenes?

Answer 14

1) meth-
2) eth-
3) prop-
4) but-
5) pent-
6) hex-
7) hept-
8) oct-
9) non-
10) dec-

Question 15

What are the 3 names that hydrocarbons can be classified as?

Answer 15

Aliphatic

Alicyclic

Aromatic

Question 16

Definition of homologous series

Answer 16

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2- group.

Question 17

Define a hydrocarbon

Answer 17

Compound containing C + H only

Question 18

What does saturated mean

Answer 18

Single bonds only

Question 19

What does unsaturated mean

Answer 19

Contains C-C multiple bonds

Question 20

Define functional group

Answer 20

Part of organic molecule that’s responsible for its chemical reactions

Question 21

Reasons why C forms a large number of compounds

Answer 21

Forms single, double and triple bonds to other C atoms

C can form chains of C atoms

C forms bonds to other atoms e.g. O,N and halogens

Question 22

General formula of alkanes

Answer 22

CnH2n+2

Question 23

General formula of alkenes

Answer 23

CnH2n

Question 24

General formula of alcohols

Answer 24

CnH2n+1OH

Question 25

General formula of carboxylic acids

Answer 25

CnH2nO2

Question 26

General formula of ketones

Answer 26

CnH2nO

Question 27

Define structural isomer

Answer 27

Compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

Question 28

Definition of fish-hook arrows

Answer 28

Shows movement of a single, unpaired electron in mechanisms involving radicals.

Question 29

What does nomenclature mean

Answer 29

The system used for naming organic compounds

Question 30

What does empirical formula mean

Answer 30

Simplest whole number ration of atoms in a molecule

Question 31

What does molecular formula mean

Answer 31

It provides the actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule

Question 32

What does displayed formula mean

Answer 32

It shows every atom and every bond in a molecule

Question 33

What does structural formula mean

Answer 33

It shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond

Question 34

Define skeletal formula

Answer 34

A type of formula which is drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom. Carbon atoms not drawn, assumed each C atom has all unspecified bonds as C-H

Question 35

Define homologous series

Answer 35

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 36

What is a functional group

Answer 36

A group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound

Question 37

What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 37

Hydrocarbon with C atoms joined together in a straight line or branched chain

Question 38

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

Answer 38

Hydrocarbons arranged in non aromatic rings with or without side chains

Question 39

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon

Answer 39

Hydrocarbon that contains at least 1 benzene ring

Question 40

What’s the general formula of alkanes

Answer 40

CnH2n+2

Question 41

What is the general formula of alkenes

Answer 41

CnH2n

Question 42

What’s the general formula of alcohols

Answer 42

CnH2n+1 OH

Question 43

What does saturated mean

Answer 43

Organic compounds which only contain single bonds

Question 44

What are unsaturated compounds

Answer 44

Organic compounds that contain at least 1 carbon carbon covalent bond

Question 45

Define structural isomerism

Answer 45

When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 46

What are the 3 ways in which structural isomers can be formed

Answer 46

Alkyl groups can be in different places Functional groups can be bonded to different parts There can be different functional groups

Question 47

What are stereoisomers

Answer 47

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but have different arrangement of atoms in space

Question 48

What is E/Z isomerism and how are the E and Z isomers decided

Answer 48

E/Z isomerism is caused by the limited rotation about C=C If the 2 substituents with the highest atomic number are on the same side of the double bond, it is the Z (zusammen) isomer If they are on different sides, it is the E (entgegen) isomer

Question 49

What is cis-trans isomerism

Answer 49

Special type of E/Z isomerism where the 2 substituents on each C atom are the same

Question 50

What is homolytic fission

Answer 50

It happens when each bonding atom receives 1 electron from the bonded pair forming 2 radicals

Question 51

What is heterolytic fission

Answer 51

When 1 bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair

Question 52

What are radicals

Answer 52

Highly reactive, neutral species

Question 53

How is a covalent bond formed from 2 radicals

Answer 53

The radicals collide and the electrons are involved the bond formation