C11 Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is the definition of empirical formula?
The simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound.
What is a substitution reaction?
An atoms/group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms.
Definition of curly arrows
Show movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made.
What is an addition reaction?
2 reactants join to form 1 product
What is an elimination reaction?
Involves the removal of a small molecule from a larger one.
1 reactant form 2 products (not always)
What is homolytic fission?
CB breaks, each of bonded atoms take 1 of shared pair of electrons from bond.
Form radicals
Definition of radical.
An atom/groups of atom with an unpaired electron.
What is heterolytic fission?
CB breaks, 1 of bonded atoms take BOTH of electrons from bond.
Forms neg and pos ions.
Name the 2 types of bond fission.
Heterolytic and homolytic fission
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?
C atoms joined to each other in ring (cyclic) structures , with/without branches.
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Carbon atoms joined to each other in unbranched (straight), or unbranched or non-aromatic rings.
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Some or all of the carbon atoms are found in a benzene ring.
What are the 3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons you should be aware of?
Alkanes = only C-C
Alkenes = at least 1 C=C
Alkynes = at least 1 carbon-carbon triple bond
What is the names used to name the 1st 10 alkanes/alkenes?
1) meth-
2) eth-
3) prop-
4) but-
5) pent-
6) hex-
7) hept-
8) oct-
9) non-
10) dec-
What are the 3 names that hydrocarbons can be classified as?
Aliphatic
Alicyclic
Aromatic
Definition of homologous series
A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a CH2- group.
Define a hydrocarbon
Compound containing C + H only
What does saturated mean
Single bonds only
What does unsaturated mean
Contains C-C multiple bonds
Define functional group
Part of organic molecule that’s responsible for its chemical reactions
Reasons why C forms a large number of compounds
Forms single, double and triple bonds to other C atoms
C can form chains of C atoms
C forms bonds to other atoms e.g. O,N and halogens
General formula of alkanes
CnH2n+2
General formula of alkenes
CnH2n
General formula of alcohols
CnH2n+1OH
General formula of carboxylic acids
CnH2nO2
General formula of ketones
CnH2nO
Define structural isomer
Compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Definition of fish-hook arrows
Shows movement of a single, unpaired electron in mechanisms involving radicals.
What does nomenclature mean
The system used for naming organic compounds
What does empirical formula mean
Simplest whole number ration of atoms in a molecule
What does molecular formula mean
It provides the actual number of atoms of different elements in a molecule
What does displayed formula mean
It shows every atom and every bond in a molecule
What does structural formula mean
It shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule without showing every bond
Define skeletal formula
A type of formula which is drawn as lines with each vertex being a carbon atom. Carbon atoms not drawn, assumed each C atom has all unspecified bonds as C-H
Define homologous series
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
What is a functional group
A group of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions of a compound
What is an aliphatic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon with C atoms joined together in a straight line or branched chain
What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons arranged in non aromatic rings with or without side chains
What is an aromatic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon that contains at least 1 benzene ring
What’s the general formula of alkanes
CnH2n+2
What is the general formula of alkenes
CnH2n
What’s the general formula of alcohols
CnH2n+1 OH
What does saturated mean
Organic compounds which only contain single bonds
What are unsaturated compounds
Organic compounds that contain at least 1 carbon carbon covalent bond
Define structural isomerism
When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula
What are the 3 ways in which structural isomers can be formed
Alkyl groups can be in different places
Functional groups can be bonded to different parts
There can be different functional groups
What are stereoisomers
Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but have different arrangement of atoms in space
What is E/Z isomerism and how are the E and Z isomers decided
E/Z isomerism is caused by the limited rotation about C=C
If the 2 substituents with the highest atomic number are on the same side of the double bond, it is the Z (zusammen) isomer
If they are on different sides, it is the E (entgegen) isomer
What is cis-trans isomerism
Special type of E/Z isomerism where the 2 substituents on each C atom are the same
What is homolytic fission
It happens when each bonding atom receives 1 electron from the bonded pair forming 2 radicals
What is heterolytic fission
When 1 bonding atom receives both electrons from the bonded pair
What are radicals
Highly reactive, neutral species
How is a covalent bond formed from 2 radicals
The radicals collide and the electrons are involved the bond formation
