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A - Level Chemistry > C27 Amines, Amino Acids, And Polymers > Flashcards

C27 Amines, Amino Acids, And Polymers Flashcards

1
Q

How do you name amines?

A

-amine or amino-

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2
Q

Why are amines so reactive?

A

The lone pair of electrons on the Nitrogen - due to the polar N-H bond

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3
Q

What shape are amines around the N? Bond angle?

A

Trigonal Pyramidal

107*

Due to lone pair on N

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4
Q

What kind of IMF do they have and why?

A

Hydrogen bonding

Due to polar N-H bond and lone pair of electrons on N atom.

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5
Q

Do amines have intermolecular forces which are stronger than or weaker than alcohols? Why?

A

Weaker

As N has a lower electronegativity than O

So it therefore has weaker hydrogen bonding

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6
Q

How can/when do amines act as bases?

A

The lone pair on the Nitrogen accepts a proton

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7
Q

How can/when do amines act as nucleophiles?

A

When they bond with an a electron-deficient C atom (donate lone pair from N)

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8
Q

What is the product from the basic action of an Amine with water?

A

RNH3+ - ammonium ion, which forms a salt with an anion

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9
Q

In order to be the strongest base, what must a particular amine have (out of a set of amines)?

A

Greatest electron density around the N atoms, making it a better electron pair donor (attracts protons more)

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10
Q

What effect do Alkyl groups have (on electron density and base strength)?

A

Positive inductive effect - increase electron density around N -> stronger base

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11
Q

Place the following in order of base strength (in general): NH3, primary amine, secondary amine, phenyl amine

A

Secondary amine > primary amine > NH3 > Phenyl amine

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12
Q

How can primary amines form secondary and tertiary and 4* ammonium ions?

A

Multiple substitutions: primary amine is a nucleophile that attacks the original haloalkane ETC

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13
Q

( how can 1* amines form 2,3 and 4* ammonium ions?
Multiple substitutions: primary amine is a nucleophile that attacks the original haloalkane etc)

What are the problems with this method?

A

Not efficient as low yield of 1* amines due to multiple substitutions

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14
Q

How would you maximise the yield of the primary amine?

A

Use excess ammonia

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15
Q

What type of mechanism is the reaction of a haloalkanes with a Cyanide ion?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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16
Q

What type of mechanism is the reaction of a haloalkanes with a Cyanide ion?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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17
Q

What conditions does the reaction of a haloalkane with a cyanide ion require? What is the product formed?

A

Ethanol as a solvent

A nitrile is formed

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18
Q

How do you get from a nitrile to a primary amines? (Reaction type, reagent and catalysts)

A

Reduction reaction

Using Nickel

Hydrogen catalyst

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19
Q

Why is the reduction reaction of a nitrile with Nickel using a purer method of synthesising amines?

A

Only the primary amine can be formed.

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20
Q

What conditions are needed to form Nitrobenzene from Benzene?

A

Concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3 to form the NO2+ ion for electrophilic attack.

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21
Q

How do you from an ammonium chloride salt from nitrobenzene? What conditions are needed?

A

Reduce the Nitrile using TIN/HCl -> forms an ammonium salt with Cl- ions

Room temperature

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22
Q

What mechanism is used for forming Amides from acyl chlorides and amines?

A

Nucleophilic addition/elimination

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23
Q

What are the 2 functional groups of amino acids?

A

NH2 and COOH (amine and carboxylic acid)

24
Q

Are alpha amino acids chiral? Why?

A

Yes, one carbon has 4 different substituents. Except glycine, where R = H

25
Q

Define a Zwitterion

A

Ions which have both a permanent positive and negative charge, but are neutral overall.

26
Q

How do zwitterions occur in amino acids?

A

COOH is deprotonated -> COO-

NH2 is protonated -> NH3+

27
Q

What happens to amino acids in acidic conditions?

A

Gains a proton on NH2 group

28
Q

What happens to amino acids in alkaline conditions?

A

Loses a proton from COOH group

29
Q

What is the peptide linkage?

A

-CONH-

30
Q

What property must a carbon atoms have for the molecule to display optical isomerism about that Carbon atom?

A

4 different substituents attached to one carbon atom

31
Q

What are the similarities and differences between 2 optical isomers?

A

Same atoms & bonds, but they’re non-superimposable mirror images of one another. Not identical in chemical properties necessarily.

Differ in the way they rotate plane polarised light. Rotate plane of polarisation by the same angle but in different directions.

32
Q

What word is used to describe optically active molecules?

A

Chiral

33
Q

What is condensation in terms of polymers?

A

Small molecule eliminated (usually H2O) to form a larger molecule.

34
Q

How many monomers are condensation polymers usually formed from?

A

2

35
Q

What properties do monomers forming condensation polymers have?

A

Each has 2 functional groups

36
Q

Examples of condensation polymers?

A

Polyesters

Polyamides

Polypeptides

37
Q

What is the linkage in a polyester?

A

Ester linkage

38
Q

What molecule is eliminated in formation of a polyester?

A

H2O

39
Q

What are the 2 monomers which form a polyester (generic names and structures)?

A

Diol and Dicarboxylic acid

Or

A molecule with both alcohol and a carboxylic functional groups

40
Q

What is terylene used for?

A

As a fibre for making clothes

41
Q

Which monomers is Terylene made from?

A

Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

And

Ethane-1,2-diol

42
Q

What is the linkage in a polyamide?

A

Peptide linkage

43
Q

Which molecule is eliminated when a polyamide is formed?

A

H2O

44
Q

What are the 2 monomers used to form a polyamide?

A

Diamine and dicarboxylic acid

45
Q

Examples of polyamides?

A

Nylon

Kevlar

46
Q

Which monomers is Nylon-6,6 made from

A

1,6-diaminohexane
H2N—(CH2)4–NH2

Hexanedioic acid
HOOC—(CH204–COOH

47
Q

If you’re making Nylon in the lab, what monomers would you use and why? What molecule is eliminated?

A

Use hexane-1,6-diacyl chloride as the rate of reaction is much faster. HCl is eliminated.

48
Q

What is Kevlar used for?

A

In body armour (Bullet proof vests, stab vests), helmets (e.g. F1 drivers), oven gloves

49
Q

Which monomers make up Kevlar?

A

1,4-diamniobenzene

And

Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid

50
Q

Why are poly(alkenes) not biodegradable?

A

Non-polar C-H and C-C bonds

51
Q

Why is it bad to burn poly(alkenes)?

A

Releases CO2, CO, C (soot) and other toxic chemicals from monomers

52
Q

Where do most poly(alkenes) end up?

A

Landfill sites

53
Q

Why can condensation polymers be broken down?

A

They have polar bonds

54
Q

How are condensation polymers broken down?

A

Hydrolysis (opposite of condensation)

55
Q

What is the difference between addition and condensation polymerisation?

A

Condensation makes the polymer and eliminates a small molecule: addition polymerisation breaks C=C to form only 1 product ( just the polymer).

A - Level Chemistry (31 decks)

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