chapter 11

Question 1

the light-dependent reaction

Answer 1

light is absorbed by chlorophyll and a water molecule is split

takes place in the thylakoid membrane

Question 2

the light-independent reaction

Answer 2

carbon dioxide is synthesized into useful organic compound in the stroma

Question 3

photosynthesis equation

Answer 3

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 4

leaf adaptation for photosynthesis

Answer 4

• has veins (xylem) = transport water
• cuticle + upper epidermis transparent = light penetrate (palisade layer)

-broad and flat= large SA for light absorption

• waxy cuticle = prevents water loss

-stomata and guard cell= for gas exchange

• many chloroplast filed with chlorophyll = increase rate of photosynthesis

-cytoplasm screening = chloroplast in optimum position for the absorption of light

-air spaces in spongy mesophyll= sort diffusion pathway for exchange

• thin= short diffusion pathway

leaves spirally arranged on stem=more light absorption

Question 5

heterotrophs

Answer 5

assimilate energy by consuming plants and other animals

Question 6

chloroplasts adaptations

Answer 6

• inner membrane with transport proteins = controls molecules travelling between the cells cytoplasm and the stroma
• Many grana = large SA for photosynthetic pigments, electron carriers and ATP synthase enzyme needed in LDR

-Arranged in photosystems = allow maximum absorption of light

-proteins embedded in grana= hold photosynthesis in place

-fluid-filled stroma = contains enzymes needed for LIR

• grana surrounded by stroma = products made in LDR in grana can pass into stroma to be used in LIR

-chloroplast DNA and ribosomes= can make proteins needed for photosynthesis

Question 7

oxidation

Answer 7

when a substance gains oxygen, loses hydrogen or loses electrons

Question 8

reduction

Answer 8

when a substance loses oxygen, gains hydrogen or gains electrons

Question 9

chemiosmosis

Answer 9

the diffusion of hydrogen ions (protons) through a partially permeable membrane, which is linked to the generation of ATP

Question 10

triose phosphate used for

Answer 10

regeneration of RuBP and making useful organic molecule within the plant

Question 11

products of the light -dependent reaction

Answer 11

ATP and reduced NADP

Question 12

why is temperature a limiting factor

Answer 12

it could denture RuBP enzyme

Question 13

how is starch formed in chloroplast

Answer 13

many alpha glucose,
joined together by condensation reaction,
forms glyosidic bonds

Question 14

why is having a range of photosynthetic pigment an advantage to the plant

Answer 14

there is a wide range of wavelength of light can be absorbed to maximize the rate of photosynthesis

Question 15

similarities between mitochondria and chloroplast

Answer 15

-both have double membrane
- both have their own DNA
-both have their own 70s ribosome
-both contain lots of ATP