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NSG 20 > CHAPTER 11 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Three basic shapes of prokaryotic cells are

A

spherical cocci, rod-shaped bacilli, and spirals.

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2
Q

spirals may be

A

stiff (spirilla)
flexible (spirochetes)

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3
Q

Other variations in shapes include

A

vibrios (slightly curved)
coccobcilli (intermediate to cocci and bacilli)
pleomorpnhic (variable shape and size)

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4
Q

produced within vegetative cells of the Gram-positive genera Bacillus and Clostridium.

A

environmentally resistant endospores

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5
Q

kinds of endospores

A

terminal
subterminal
centrally located

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6
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by

A

binary fission, snapping division (a type of binary fission), spore formation, and budding.

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7
Q

Cocci may typically be found in groups, including

A

long chains (streptococci), pairs (diplococci), four- somes (tetrads), cuboidal packets (sarcinae), and clusters (staphylococci).

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8
Q

three domains of living things

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

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9
Q

how many phylas of archaea are there

A

5

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10
Q

how many phylas of bacteria are there

A

24

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11
Q

part of domain archaea ; microbes that require extreme conditions of temperature, pH, pressure, and/or salinity to survive.

A

extremophiles

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12
Q

live at temperatures above 45°C and 80°C, respectively, because their DNA, membranes, and proteins do not function properly at lower temperatures.

A

Thermopiles and hyperthermophiles

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13
Q

depend on high concen- trations of salt to keep their cell walls intact. Halophiles such as Halobacterium salinarum

A

Halophiles

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14
Q

Halophiles such as Halobacterium salinarum synthesize purple proteins called __ that harvest light energy to synthesize ATP.

A

Bacteriorhodopsins

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15
Q

are obligate anaerobes that produce methane gas and are useful in sewage treatment.

A

Methanogens

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16
Q

have rRNA sequences thought to be similar to those of earliest bacteria. They are autotrophic and live in hot, acidic, and anaerobic environments, often with intense exposure to sun.

A

Deeply branching bacteria

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17
Q

trap light energy with photosynthetic lamellae.

A

Photographic bacteria

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18
Q

The five groups of phototrophic bacteria are

A

cyanobacte- ria, green sulfur bacteria, green nonsulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria

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19
Q

reduce atmospheric N2 to NH3 via a process called nitrogen fixation

A

Cyanobacteria

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20
Q

Many cyanobacteria fix nitrogen in thick-walled cells called

A

Heterocysts

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21
Q

Green and purple bacteria use ___ for anoxygenic photosynthesis.

A

bacteriochlorophylls

22
Q

contains bacteria with a G + C content (the percentage of all base pairs that are guanine-cytosine base pairs) of less than 50%.

A

Firmicutes

23
Q

include the genus Clostridium (pathogenic bacteria that cause gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and diarrhea), Epulopiscium (which is large enough to be seen without a microscope), and Selenomonas (often found in dental plaque

A

Clostridia

24
Q

are Gram-positive, pleomorphic, facultative anaer- obes and obligate anaerobes that lack cell walls and therefore stain pink with Gram stain. They are frequently associated with pneumonia and urinary tract infections.

A

Mycoplasma

25
Q

Examples of low G + C gram positive bacilli and cocci important to human health and industry

A

Bacillus
staphylococcus
Listeria
lactobacillus
Streptococcus
enterococcus

26
Q

high G + C bram-positive bacteria are classified in

A

Phylum actinobacteria

27
Q

Bacteria in Corynebacterium store phosphates in

A

Metachromatic granules

28
Q

Members of the genus Mycobacterium, including species that cause tuberculosis and leprosy, grow slowly and have unique, resistant cell walls containing waxy

A

mycolic acids

29
Q

resemble fungi in that they produce spores and form filaments; this group includes Actinomyces (normally found in human mouths), Nocardia (useful in degradation of pollutants), and Streptomyces (produces important antibiotics).

A

Actinomycetes

30
Q

a very large group of Gram-negative bacteria divided into five classes—the alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilonproteobacteria.

A

Proteobacteria

31
Q

include a variety of aerobes, many
of which have unusual cellular extensions called prosthecae. Azospirillum and Rhizobium are nitrogen fixers that are important in agriculture.

A

Alphaproteobacteria

32
Q

Some members of the alphaproteobacteria are nitrifying bacteria, which oxidize NH3 to NO3 via a process called

A

Nitrification

33
Q

include the nitrifying Nitrosomonas
and pathogenic species such as Neisseria (gonorrhea), Bordetella (whooping cough), and Burkholderia (which colonizes the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients).

A

Beta proteobacteria

34
Q

constitute the largest class of proteobacteria; they include purple sulfur bacteria, intracel- lular pathogens, methane oxidizers, facultative anaerobes that utilize glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, and pseudomonads.

A

Gamma proteobacteria

35
Q

are anaerobic bacteria that use methane for both carbon and energy.

A

Methane oxidizers

36
Q

including pathogenic Pseudomonas and nitrogen- fixing Azotobacter and Azomonas, utilize the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways for catabolism of glucose.

A

Pseudomonads

37
Q

include Desulfovibrio (important in the sulfur cycle and in corrosion of pipes), Bdellovibrio (pathogenic to bacteria), and myxobacteria. The latter form stalked fruiting bod- ies containing resistant, dormant myxospores.

A

Delta proteobacteria

38
Q

include some important human patho-
gens, including Campylobacter and Helicobacter.

A

Epsilon proteobacteria

39
Q

Scientists discovered ___ using metagenomic sequencing, which entails sequencing all the DNA from a site so as to ascertain all microbes present. Zetaproteobacteria oxidize iron in marine environments.

A

zetaproteobacteria

40
Q

are Gram-negative cocci typified by the genus Chlamydia; they cause neonatal blindness, pneumonia, and a sexually transmitted disease.

A

Chlamydias

41
Q

flexible, helical bacteria that live in diverse envi- ronments. The pathogens Treponema (syphilis) and Borrelia (Lyme disease) are important spirochetes.

A

Spirochetes

42
Q

flexible, helical bacteria that live in diverse envi- ronments. The pathogens Treponema (syphilis) and Borrelia (Lyme disease) are important spirochetes.

A

Spirochetes

43
Q

include Bacteroides, an obligate anaerobic rod
that inhabits the digestive tract, and Cytophaga, an aerobic rod that degrades wood and raw sewage.

A

Bacteroids

44
Q

types of proteobacteria

A

alpha
beta
gamma
delta
epsilon
zeta

45
Q

used to describe cells that are intermediate in shape between cocci and bacilli; that is, it is difficult to ascertain whether a coccobacillus is an elongated coccus or a short bacillus.

A

Coccobacillus

46
Q

A variation of binary fission called

A

Snapping division

47
Q

survey of archaea

A

extremophiles
methanogens

48
Q

two kinds of extremophiles

A

halophiles and thermophiles

49
Q

survey of bacteria

A

deeply branching and phototrophic bacteira

50
Q

survey of bacteria

A

deeply branching and phototrophic bacteria
low g + c gram positive bacteria
high g + c gram posiitve
gram negative proteobacteria
other gram negative

51
Q

types of firmicutes

A

clostridia
mollicutes
bacilli

52
Q

what are the other gram negative bacteria

A

chlamydias
spirochetes
bacteroids

NSG 20 (7 decks)

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