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1-Keiser Wellness > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular disease

A

CVD - the array of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

narrowing of the peripheral blood vessels

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3
Q

stroke

A

blood vessels that feed the brain is clogged, leading to blood flow disruption to the brain

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4
Q

coronary heart disease

A

CHD - in which arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients are narrowed by fatty deposits, such as cholesterol and triglycerides

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5
Q

angioplasty

A

procedure in which a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted and when inflated to widen the inner lumen of the artery

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6
Q

risk factors

A

lifestyle and genetic variables that may lead to disease

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7
Q

warning signs of stroke

A
  • sudden weakness or numbness of face, arm or leg particularly on one side
  • sudden severe headache
  • sudden confusion, dizziness
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8
Q

warning signs of a heart attack

A
  • chest pain, squeezing that may go on for several minutes

- pain or discomfort between shoulder blades

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9
Q

stroke risk factors

unchangeable

A
  • increased risk over 55
  • higher risk in men
  • African Americans at higher risk
  • family history
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10
Q

stroke risk factors

manageable factors

A
  • tobacco use - stop
  • blood pressure - normal range
  • diet
  • activity level
  • weight
  • cholesterol
  • diabetes
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11
Q

CHD risk factors

high to low

A

-unhealthy diet
-physical inactivity
-smoking
-body mass index
hypertension

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12
Q

electrocardiogram

A

ECG or EKG- recording of the electrical activity of the heart

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13
Q

myocardium

A

heart muscle

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14
Q

stress electrocardiogram

A

exercise test where the workload is gradually increased until the individual reaches maximal fatigue

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15
Q

stress electrocardiogram

also known as

A

graded stress test or maximal exercise tolerance test

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16
Q

cholesterol

A

waxy substance, a steroid alcohol, found only in animal fats and oil and used in making cell membranes, the fatty sheath around nerve fibers and other necessary substances

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17
Q

blood lipids

A

fats - cholesterol and triglycerides

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18
Q

high density lipoproteins

A

HDL - cholesterol transporting molecules in the blood that helps clear cholesterol from the blood.
GOOD CHOLESTEROL

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19
Q

low density lipoproteins

A

LDL - cholesterol transporting molecules in the blood that tend to increase cholesterol from the blood.
BAD CHOLESTEROL

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20
Q

Very low density lipoproteins

A

VLDL - triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid transporting molecules in the blood

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21
Q

chylomicrons

A

triglyceride transporting molecules

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22
Q

stress electrocardiogram

Recommended for

A
  • men over 45, women over 55
  • 2 or more CHD risk factors
  • symptomatic
  • family history
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23
Q

atherosclerosis

A

fatty or cholesterol deposits in the walls of the arteries leading to formation of plaque

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24
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack - damage to or death of an area of the heart muscle as a result of an obstructed artery to that area

25
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain associated with CHD

26
Q

reverse cholesterol transport

A

process in which HDL molecules attract cholesterol and carry it to the liver, where it is changed to bile and eventually excreted in the stool

27
Q

total cholesterol range

A

less than 200 = desirable

over 240 = high risk

28
Q

LDL cholesterol

A

less than 100 = optimal

over 190 = very high

29
Q

HDL cholesterol

A

less than 40 = low

over 60 = high risk

30
Q

triglycerides

A

fats formed by glycerol and three fatty acids;

also called free fatty acids

31
Q

processed foods

A

food that has been chemically altered from its natural state through additives

32
Q

average person consumes between

A

400-600 mg of cholesterol daily

33
Q

LDL cholesterol can be lowered by

A
  • dietary change
  • losing body fat
  • taking medication
  • aerobic exercise
34
Q

increased risk for CHD has been established with

A
  • high total cholesterol
  • high LDL
  • Low HDL
35
Q

triglycerides make up most

A

of the fat in our diet and most of the fat that circulates in the blood

36
Q

homocysteine

A

an amino acid that when allowed to accumulate in the blood, may lead to plaque formation and blockage of arteries

37
Q

c-reactive protein

A

CRP - a protein whose blood levels increase with inflammation; elevation of this protein is an indicator of potential cardiovascular events

38
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

disease in which the body doesn’t produce or utilize insulin properly

39
Q

insulin

A

hormone secreted by the pancreas; essential for proper metabolism of blood glucose and maintenance of blood glucose levels

40
Q

insulin resistance

A

the inability of the cells to respond appropriately to insulin

41
Q

blood glucose guidelines

A

less than 100 = normal
101-125 = prediabetic
126+ = diabetic

42
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

insulin-dependent diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes

43
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

non-insulin dependent diabetes; also know as adult onset diabetes

44
Q

glucose intolerance

A

condition characterized by slightly elevated glucose levels

45
Q

glycemic index

A

measure used to rate the plasma glucose response of carbohydrate containing foods

46
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

an array of metabolic abnormalities that contribute to the development of atherosclerosis triggered by increased insulin resistance

47
Q

metabolic syndrome

conditions

A

low HDL

  • high triglycerides
  • high blood pressure
  • an increased blood clotting mechanism
48
Q

blood pressure

A

measure of force exerted against the walls of the vessels by the blood flowing through them

49
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

pressure exerted during contractions

50
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

pressure exerted during relaxation phase

51
Q

hypertension

A

chronically elevated blood pressure

approximately 1 in 3 adults are hypertensive

52
Q

hypotension

A

low blood pressure

53
Q

ideal blood pressure

A

120/80

54
Q

causes of hypertension

A

90 percent have no definite cause

10 percent caused by pathological conditions

55
Q

essential hypertension

A

90 percent that have no definite cause

treatable with diet and exercise

56
Q

arrhythmias

A

irregular heart rhythms

57
Q

Sodium levels

A

Less than 2300 mg per day

57
Q

catecholamines

A

fight or flight hormones including epinephrine and norepinephrine

58
Q

Premature CHD is defined as

A

A heart attack before age 55 in a close male relative or before 65 in a close female relative

1-Keiser Wellness (13 decks)

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