Chapter 11 Flashcards
cardiovascular disease
CVD - the array of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels
peripheral vascular disease
narrowing of the peripheral blood vessels
stroke
blood vessels that feed the brain is clogged, leading to blood flow disruption to the brain
coronary heart disease
CHD - in which arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients are narrowed by fatty deposits, such as cholesterol and triglycerides
angioplasty
procedure in which a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted and when inflated to widen the inner lumen of the artery
risk factors
lifestyle and genetic variables that may lead to disease
warning signs of stroke
- sudden weakness or numbness of face, arm or leg particularly on one side
- sudden severe headache
- sudden confusion, dizziness
warning signs of a heart attack
- chest pain, squeezing that may go on for several minutes
- pain or discomfort between shoulder blades
stroke risk factors
unchangeable
- increased risk over 55
- higher risk in men
- African Americans at higher risk
- family history
stroke risk factors
manageable factors
- tobacco use - stop
- blood pressure - normal range
- diet
- activity level
- weight
- cholesterol
- diabetes
CHD risk factors
high to low
-unhealthy diet
-physical inactivity
-smoking
-body mass index
hypertension
electrocardiogram
ECG or EKG- recording of the electrical activity of the heart
myocardium
heart muscle
stress electrocardiogram
exercise test where the workload is gradually increased until the individual reaches maximal fatigue
stress electrocardiogram
also known as
graded stress test or maximal exercise tolerance test
cholesterol
waxy substance, a steroid alcohol, found only in animal fats and oil and used in making cell membranes, the fatty sheath around nerve fibers and other necessary substances
blood lipids
fats - cholesterol and triglycerides
high density lipoproteins
HDL - cholesterol transporting molecules in the blood that helps clear cholesterol from the blood.
GOOD CHOLESTEROL
low density lipoproteins
LDL - cholesterol transporting molecules in the blood that tend to increase cholesterol from the blood.
BAD CHOLESTEROL
Very low density lipoproteins
VLDL - triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid transporting molecules in the blood
chylomicrons
triglyceride transporting molecules
stress electrocardiogram
Recommended for
- men over 45, women over 55
- 2 or more CHD risk factors
- symptomatic
- family history
atherosclerosis
fatty or cholesterol deposits in the walls of the arteries leading to formation of plaque
myocardial infarction
heart attack - damage to or death of an area of the heart muscle as a result of an obstructed artery to that area
angina pectoris
chest pain associated with CHD
reverse cholesterol transport
process in which HDL molecules attract cholesterol and carry it to the liver, where it is changed to bile and eventually excreted in the stool
total cholesterol range
less than 200 = desirable
over 240 = high risk
LDL cholesterol
less than 100 = optimal
over 190 = very high
HDL cholesterol
less than 40 = low
over 60 = high risk
triglycerides
fats formed by glycerol and three fatty acids;
also called free fatty acids
processed foods
food that has been chemically altered from its natural state through additives
average person consumes between
400-600 mg of cholesterol daily
LDL cholesterol can be lowered by
- dietary change
- losing body fat
- taking medication
- aerobic exercise
increased risk for CHD has been established with
- high total cholesterol
- high LDL
- Low HDL
triglycerides make up most
of the fat in our diet and most of the fat that circulates in the blood
homocysteine
an amino acid that when allowed to accumulate in the blood, may lead to plaque formation and blockage of arteries
c-reactive protein
CRP - a protein whose blood levels increase with inflammation; elevation of this protein is an indicator of potential cardiovascular events
diabetes mellitus
disease in which the body doesn’t produce or utilize insulin properly
insulin
hormone secreted by the pancreas; essential for proper metabolism of blood glucose and maintenance of blood glucose levels
insulin resistance
the inability of the cells to respond appropriately to insulin
blood glucose guidelines
less than 100 = normal
101-125 = prediabetic
126+ = diabetic
Type 1 diabetes
insulin-dependent diabetes, also known as juvenile diabetes
type 2 diabetes
non-insulin dependent diabetes; also know as adult onset diabetes
glucose intolerance
condition characterized by slightly elevated glucose levels
glycemic index
measure used to rate the plasma glucose response of carbohydrate containing foods
metabolic syndrome
an array of metabolic abnormalities that contribute to the development of atherosclerosis triggered by increased insulin resistance
metabolic syndrome
conditions
low HDL
- high triglycerides
- high blood pressure
- an increased blood clotting mechanism
blood pressure
measure of force exerted against the walls of the vessels by the blood flowing through them
systolic blood pressure
pressure exerted during contractions
diastolic blood pressure
pressure exerted during relaxation phase
hypertension
chronically elevated blood pressure
approximately 1 in 3 adults are hypertensive
hypotension
low blood pressure
ideal blood pressure
120/80
causes of hypertension
90 percent have no definite cause
10 percent caused by pathological conditions
essential hypertension
90 percent that have no definite cause
treatable with diet and exercise
arrhythmias
irregular heart rhythms
Sodium levels
Less than 2300 mg per day
catecholamines
fight or flight hormones including epinephrine and norepinephrine
Premature CHD is defined as
A heart attack before age 55 in a close male relative or before 65 in a close female relative
