Chapter 11

Question 1

Remnant radiation

Answer 1

x-rays that remain after the useful beam exits the patient

Question 2

Latent image

Answer 2

An image that cannot be seen; invisible change induced in the silver halide crystal

Question 3

Manifest image

Answer 3

The observable image formed when the latent image undergoes the proper chemical processing

Question 4

Photographic effect

Answer 4

The formation of the latent image

Question 5

Parts of the film

Answer 5

Base
Adhesive layer
Emulsion
Supercoating

Question 6

What is the heart of the x-ray film?

Answer 6

Emulsion

Question 7

Sensitivity Speck (center)

Answer 7

the physical imperfections in the lattice of the emulsion layer that occur during the film manufacturing process

Question 8

What is the active ingredient in emulsion?

Answer 8

Silver Halide

Question 9

What forms the latent image?

Answer 9

Photo interaction with the silver halide crystal

Question 10

Step 1 in forming a latent image

Answer 10

silver halide crystal before exposure

Question 11

Step 2 in forming a latent image

Answer 11

radiation interacts with crystal liberating electrons

Question 12

Step 3 in forming a latent image

Answer 12

Negatively charges electrons and positive ions float free in the emulsion

Question 13

Step 4 in forming a latent image

Answer 13

Sensitivity speck traps the electrons

Question 14

Step 5 in forming a latent image

Answer 14

Each trapped electron attracts a silver ion

Question 15

Step 6 in forming a latent image

Answer 15

Silver ion is neutralized and converted to metallic silver (latent image)

Question 16

Crossover

Answer 16

The exposure of an emulsion by light from the opposite side

Question 17

Spectral matching

Answer 17

film is sensitive to various colors of light and is matched to the light which is emitted from the screens

Question 18

Safelights

Answer 18

incandescent lamps with a color filter

Question 19

Direct-Exposure Film

Answer 19

NEVER used today

Is carried in a cardboard holder or packaged paper wrapping

Question 20

Laser film

Answer 20

used in a laser printer

common to be used for multiple images

Question 21

Artifacts

Answer 21

any irregular density on a radiograph that is not caused by the proper shadowing of an object by the primary beam

Question 22

What happens to film if stored in heat or humidity?

Answer 22

reduces the contrast

Question 23

What is the purpose of processing?

Answer 23

intensifies latent image and makes it visible

Question 24

Sequence of Automatic processor

Answer 24

Development
Fixing
Washing
Drying

Question 25

Function of developer?

Answer 25

Converts latent image (invisible) into the manifest image (visible)

Question 26

3 factors development

Answer 26

Temperature
Time
Concentration

Question 27

What happens if you increase temp, time or concentration during development?

Answer 27

it increases density (too dark)

Question 28

What happens if you decrease temp, time or concentration during development?

Answer 28

it decreases density (too light)

Question 29

Function of fixer?

Answer 29

Removes undeveloped silver halide crystals from film and fixes (or sets) the film

Question 30

Hypo retention

Answer 30

used to describe the undesirable retention of the fixer in the emulsion

Question 31

Function of wash?

Answer 31

to remove residual chemicals left in emulsion

Question 32

Function of dryer?

Answer 32

Blows warm air over both sides of the film to completely dry the film

Question 33

Preventive processor maintenance

Answer 33

planned parts replacement

Question 34

Non-scheduled processor maintenance

Answer 34

unexpected failures

Question 35

What happens to density, contrast, and definition if you increase time and/or temperature?

Answer 35

Density increases

Contrast and definition (detail) decrease