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ATwithEmily > Chapter 10 - Tissue Healing and Wound Care > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Tissue Healing and Wound Care Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical name for failure point in a material?

A

Elastic limit or yield point

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2
Q

What is it called when a structure is more resistant to forces at certain angles?

A

Ansiotropic

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3
Q

What is a force acting on the long axis of a structure?

A

Axial force

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4
Q

What is axial force that produces a crushing effect?

A

Compressive force

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5
Q

What is axial force in the opposite direction as compression?

A

Tensile force

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6
Q

Which force acts parallel to the surface of an object?

A

shear force

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7
Q

What is the definition of mechanical stress?

A

Force divided by surface area that the force is applied to

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8
Q

What is the definition of mechanical strain?

A

Amount of deformation an object undergoes in response to a force

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9
Q

What two factors influence torque?

A

Magnitude of force and moment arm

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10
Q

What is forces in opposite direction in a long bone called?

A

Bending moment

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11
Q

T/F: When a bone is subjected to bending moments, the side experiencing compression will break first.

A

False, the side experiencing tension will break first

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12
Q

Torque around the long axis of a bone is called what?

A

Torsion

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13
Q

What are the two main fibers in soft tissue?

A

Collagen and elastin

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14
Q

T/F: tendons are usually twice as strong as the muscles they are attached to

A

True

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15
Q

What are the four main properties of muscles

A

Extensibility, elasticity, irritability, ability to develop tension

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16
Q

What are the three connective tissue sheaths from deep to superficial

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

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17
Q

What is the muscular property that is described by elasticity and time-dependant extensibility

A

Viscoelasticity

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18
Q

T/F: Ligaments contain more elastin than tendons so they are a bit more elastic.

A

True

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19
Q

What type of joint is a tooth joint

A

Gomphosis

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20
Q

What are the three main types of joints?

A

Fibrous, Cartilagenous, Synovial

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21
Q

What type of joint is a skull joint

A

Suture

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22
Q

What type of joint is an interosseous membrane joint

A

Syndesmoses

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23
Q

What type of joint is a sternocostal joint

A

Synchrondrosis or primary cartilagenous

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24
Q

What type of joint is a the pubis symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilagenous

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25
Q

What is another name for synovial joints?

A

Diarthrosis

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26
Q

Name the six types of diarthrosis joints and an example.

A
  1. Plane - facet joints
  2. Hinge - elbow
  3. Pivot - proximal radioulnar
  4. condyloid - wrist
  5. Saddle - thumb
  6. Ball and Socket - shoulder
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27
Q

What are the five features of diarthrodial joints?

A
  1. articular cartilage
  2. joint (synovial) cavity
  3. Articular capsule
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. Reinforcing ligaments
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28
Q

What kind of cartilage is articular cartilage

A

Hyaline

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29
Q

T/F: Articular cartilage is nourished by synovial fluid becasue it has no nerves or blood vessels.

A

True

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30
Q

What makes synovial fluid viscous?

A

Hyaluronic acid

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31
Q

What are labrums and articular discs made of

A

Fibrocartilage

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32
Q

What structure may be implicated in a 3rd degree contusion

A

Fascia

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33
Q

At waht percentage beyond its normal length does a tendon tear?

A

8-10%

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34
Q

Which cramp involves alternating contraction and relaxation?

A

Clonic

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35
Q

Which cramp involves sustained contraction?

A

Tonic

36
Q

What is inflammation of a muscles connective tissues called?

A

Myositis

37
Q

T/F: Tendinopathy is the inflammation of a tendon sheath.

A

False, its a general term for any tendon pathology. Tendinitis is an acute inflammation.

38
Q

What are degenerative changes in a tendon called?

A

Tendinosis

39
Q

T/F The term tendinopathy is preferred because it’s difficult to distinguish between tendinosis and tendinitis.

A

True

40
Q

What is inflammation of the synovial sheath called?

A

Tendosynovitis

41
Q

What is inflammation of the peritendinous layer around a tendon?

A

Peritendonitis

42
Q

What is the process of developing mineral deposits that resemble bone called?

A

Ectopic calcification

43
Q

What is the process of developing bone in a muscle called?

A

Myositis ossificans

44
Q

What is the process of developing bone in a tendon called?

A

calcific tendinopathy

45
Q

What are the four stages of overuse injuries?

A
  1. pain after activity only
  2. pain during activity, does not restrict
  3. pain during activity, restricts
  4. chronic, pain even at rest
46
Q

What is the plasmalike fluid composed of protein and leukocytes that exudes out of tissues?

A

Exudate

47
Q

T/F: Chronic inflammation is characterized by nongrannular leukocytes and the production of scar tissue.

A

True

48
Q

What are the three mechanisms that activate with acute inflammation?

A
  1. Local vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet reaction causing clotting
  3. Coagulation cascade
49
Q

What is the movement of a neutrophil from the circulation into tissue called?

A

Diapedesis

50
Q

After initial vasocontriction, what two things prompt vasodilation in an acute injury?

A
  1. Complement cascade of proteins
  2. Kinin cascade
51
Q

What are connective tissue cells that carry heparin (prolongs clotting and histamine response) called?

A

Mast cells

52
Q

T/F: Histamine is a vasodilator?

A

True

53
Q

How many zones of injury are there in an acute injury.

A

2, the actual injury and the space around that is affected by the aftermath (edema, inflammation hypoxia). of the injury.

54
Q

How long does the inflammatory phase last on average?

A

0-6 days

55
Q

What is the purpose of the proliferative phase?

A

Repair and regeneration of injured tissue

56
Q

How long does the proliferative phase last on average?

A

3-21 days or 3-6 weeks

57
Q

Where does the body take the materials for new tissue from?

A

The exudate

58
Q

What are the four goals of the proliferative phase?

A

-development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
-fibrous tissue formation (fibroplasia)
- generation of new epithelial tissue (reepithelialization)
- and wound contraction

59
Q

What are the five main goals of the proliferative phase?

A
  1. decreased fibroblast activity
  2. increased organization of the extracellular matrix
  3. decreased tissue water content
  4. reduced vascularity
  5. return to normal histochemical activity
60
Q

T/F: Growth factors do not play a major role in tissue repair.

A

False, crucial roles in all three phases

61
Q

Which types of collagen proliferate in the maturation phase?

A

Type I and III

62
Q

Which three growth factors are present in injury healing?

A
  1. Platelet derived (PDGF)
  2. transforming growth factor-beta
  3. transforming growth factor-alpha
63
Q

What are the two classifications of bone tissue?

A
  1. Cortical - low porosity
  2. Cancellous - high porosity
64
Q

What are 12 types of fractures?

A
  1. simple - closed
  2. Compound - open
  3. Depressed - driven inward
  4. Transverse - straight line
  5. Comminuted - several pieces
  6. oblique - diagonal
  7. epiphyseal - involves epiphysis
  8. spiral - S shape
  9. Greenstick - incomplete
  10. avulsion - broken off
  11. impacted - driven into other bone
  12. stress - over time
65
Q

Describe the 5 types of epiphyseal Injuries

A

Type 1: complete seperation of epiphysis from metaphysis, no fracture to bone
Type 2: seperation of epiphysis small portion of metaphysis fractured
Type 3: fracture of epiphysis
Type 4: Fracture of epiphysis and metaphysis
Type 5: compression of epiphysis wothout fracture, compromised epiphyseal function.

66
Q

Which type of epiphyseal fracture?: compression of epiphysis wothout fracture, compromised epiphyseal function.

A

Type V

67
Q

Which type of epiphyseal fracture?: seperation of epiphysis small portion of metaphysis fractured

A

Type II

68
Q

Which type of epiphyseal fracture?: complete seperation of epiphysis from metaphysis, no fracture to bone

A

Type I

69
Q

Which type of epiphyseal fracture?: fracture of epiphysis

A

Type III

70
Q

Which type of epiphyseal fracture?: Fracture of epiphysis and metaphysis

A

Type IV

71
Q

What is osteochondritis?

A

Disruption of blood supply to epiphysis

72
Q

What is an apophysis?

A

growth plate at the end of a bone where a muscle, ligament, or tendon is attached.

73
Q

How many phases are in bone healing?

A

Three

74
Q

What is callus

A

Weak immature bone tissue that strengthens with time

75
Q

T/F: Osteoblasts reabsorb damaged bone tissue.

A

False, Osteoclasts

76
Q

T/F: Osteoblasts build new bone tissue.

A

True

77
Q

When will a bone heal without a callus?

A

When the ends of the fracture are approximated in direct contact (direct bone healing)

78
Q

T/F: Osteoclasts work on the side of the bone that has compression and osteoblasts work on the side of the bone with tension.

A

Flase, opposite

79
Q

What is a grade I nerve injury called and what is involved?

A

neurapraxia - selective demyelination of axon sheath

80
Q

What is a grade II nerve injury called and what is involved?

A

axonotmesis - disruption to axon and myelin sheath but not epineurium

81
Q

What is a grade III nerve injury called and what is involved?

A

neurotmesis - disruption to axon, myelin sheath, and epineurium

82
Q

What is a loss of sensation called?

A

hypoesthesia

83
Q

What is heightened sensation called?

A

hyperesthesia

84
Q

What is numbness, prickling, or tingling sensation called?

A

paresthesia

85
Q

What is an irritation of the nerve called?

A

neuralgia

86
Q

What is a randon regrowth of nerves after a nerve has been completely severed?

A

neuroma

ATwithEmily (13 decks)

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