Chapter 10 - Tissue Healing and Wound Care Flashcards
What is the medical name for failure point in a material?
Elastic limit or yield point
What is it called when a structure is more resistant to forces at certain angles?
Ansiotropic
What is a force acting on the long axis of a structure?
Axial force
What is axial force that produces a crushing effect?
Compressive force
What is axial force in the opposite direction as compression?
Tensile force
Which force acts parallel to the surface of an object?
shear force
What is the definition of mechanical stress?
Force divided by surface area that the force is applied to
What is the definition of mechanical strain?
Amount of deformation an object undergoes in response to a force
What two factors influence torque?
Magnitude of force and moment arm
What is forces in opposite direction in a long bone called?
Bending moment
T/F: When a bone is subjected to bending moments, the side experiencing compression will break first.
False, the side experiencing tension will break first
Torque around the long axis of a bone is called what?
Torsion
What are the two main fibers in soft tissue?
Collagen and elastin
T/F: tendons are usually twice as strong as the muscles they are attached to
True
What are the four main properties of muscles
Extensibility, elasticity, irritability, ability to develop tension
What are the three connective tissue sheaths from deep to superficial
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
What is the muscular property that is described by elasticity and time-dependant extensibility
Viscoelasticity
T/F: Ligaments contain more elastin than tendons so they are a bit more elastic.
True
What type of joint is a tooth joint
Gomphosis
What are the three main types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilagenous, Synovial
What type of joint is a skull joint
Suture
What type of joint is an interosseous membrane joint
Syndesmoses
What type of joint is a sternocostal joint
Synchrondrosis or primary cartilagenous
What type of joint is a the pubis symphysis?
Secondary cartilagenous
What is another name for synovial joints?
Diarthrosis
Name the six types of diarthrosis joints and an example.
- Plane - facet joints
- Hinge - elbow
- Pivot - proximal radioulnar
- condyloid - wrist
- Saddle - thumb
- Ball and Socket - shoulder
What are the five features of diarthrodial joints?
- articular cartilage
- joint (synovial) cavity
- Articular capsule
- Synovial fluid
- Reinforcing ligaments
What kind of cartilage is articular cartilage
Hyaline
T/F: Articular cartilage is nourished by synovial fluid becasue it has no nerves or blood vessels.
True
What makes synovial fluid viscous?
Hyaluronic acid
What are labrums and articular discs made of
Fibrocartilage
What structure may be implicated in a 3rd degree contusion
Fascia
At waht percentage beyond its normal length does a tendon tear?
8-10%
Which cramp involves alternating contraction and relaxation?
Clonic
Which cramp involves sustained contraction?
Tonic
What is inflammation of a muscles connective tissues called?
Myositis
T/F: Tendinopathy is the inflammation of a tendon sheath.
False, its a general term for any tendon pathology. Tendinitis is an acute inflammation.
What are degenerative changes in a tendon called?
Tendinosis
T/F The term tendinopathy is preferred because it’s difficult to distinguish between tendinosis and tendinitis.
True
What is inflammation of the synovial sheath called?
Tendosynovitis
What is inflammation of the peritendinous layer around a tendon?
Peritendonitis
What is the process of developing mineral deposits that resemble bone called?
Ectopic calcification
What is the process of developing bone in a muscle called?
Myositis ossificans
What is the process of developing bone in a tendon called?
calcific tendinopathy
What are the four stages of overuse injuries?
- pain after activity only
- pain during activity, does not restrict
- pain during activity, restricts
- chronic, pain even at rest
What is the plasmalike fluid composed of protein and leukocytes that exudes out of tissues?
Exudate
T/F: Chronic inflammation is characterized by nongrannular leukocytes and the production of scar tissue.
True
What are the three mechanisms that activate with acute inflammation?
- Local vasoconstriction
- Platelet reaction causing clotting
- Coagulation cascade
What is the movement of a neutrophil from the circulation into tissue called?
Diapedesis
After initial vasocontriction, what two things prompt vasodilation in an acute injury?
- Complement cascade of proteins
- Kinin cascade
What are connective tissue cells that carry heparin (prolongs clotting and histamine response) called?
Mast cells
T/F: Histamine is a vasodilator?
True
How many zones of injury are there in an acute injury.
2, the actual injury and the space around that is affected by the aftermath (edema, inflammation hypoxia). of the injury.
How long does the inflammatory phase last on average?
0-6 days
What is the purpose of the proliferative phase?
Repair and regeneration of injured tissue
How long does the proliferative phase last on average?
3-21 days or 3-6 weeks
Where does the body take the materials for new tissue from?
The exudate
What are the four goals of the proliferative phase?
-development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
-fibrous tissue formation (fibroplasia)
- generation of new epithelial tissue (reepithelialization)
- and wound contraction
What are the five main goals of the proliferative phase?
- decreased fibroblast activity
- increased organization of the extracellular matrix
- decreased tissue water content
- reduced vascularity
- return to normal histochemical activity
T/F: Growth factors do not play a major role in tissue repair.
False, crucial roles in all three phases
Which types of collagen proliferate in the maturation phase?
Type I and III
Which three growth factors are present in injury healing?
- Platelet derived (PDGF)
- transforming growth factor-beta
- transforming growth factor-alpha
What are the two classifications of bone tissue?
- Cortical - low porosity
- Cancellous - high porosity
What are 12 types of fractures?
- simple - closed
- Compound - open
- Depressed - driven inward
- Transverse - straight line
- Comminuted - several pieces
- oblique - diagonal
- epiphyseal - involves epiphysis
- spiral - S shape
- Greenstick - incomplete
- avulsion - broken off
- impacted - driven into other bone
- stress - over time
Describe the 5 types of epiphyseal Injuries
Type 1: complete seperation of epiphysis from metaphysis, no fracture to bone
Type 2: seperation of epiphysis small portion of metaphysis fractured
Type 3: fracture of epiphysis
Type 4: Fracture of epiphysis and metaphysis
Type 5: compression of epiphysis wothout fracture, compromised epiphyseal function.
Which type of epiphyseal fracture?: compression of epiphysis wothout fracture, compromised epiphyseal function.
Type V
Which type of epiphyseal fracture?: seperation of epiphysis small portion of metaphysis fractured
Type II
Which type of epiphyseal fracture?: complete seperation of epiphysis from metaphysis, no fracture to bone
Type I
Which type of epiphyseal fracture?: fracture of epiphysis
Type III
Which type of epiphyseal fracture?: Fracture of epiphysis and metaphysis
Type IV
What is osteochondritis?
Disruption of blood supply to epiphysis
What is an apophysis?
growth plate at the end of a bone where a muscle, ligament, or tendon is attached.
How many phases are in bone healing?
Three
What is callus
Weak immature bone tissue that strengthens with time
T/F: Osteoblasts reabsorb damaged bone tissue.
False, Osteoclasts
T/F: Osteoblasts build new bone tissue.
True
When will a bone heal without a callus?
When the ends of the fracture are approximated in direct contact (direct bone healing)
T/F: Osteoclasts work on the side of the bone that has compression and osteoblasts work on the side of the bone with tension.
Flase, opposite
What is a grade I nerve injury called and what is involved?
neurapraxia - selective demyelination of axon sheath
What is a grade II nerve injury called and what is involved?
axonotmesis - disruption to axon and myelin sheath but not epineurium
What is a grade III nerve injury called and what is involved?
neurotmesis - disruption to axon, myelin sheath, and epineurium
What is a loss of sensation called?
hypoesthesia
What is heightened sensation called?
hyperesthesia
What is numbness, prickling, or tingling sensation called?
paresthesia
What is an irritation of the nerve called?
neuralgia
What is a randon regrowth of nerves after a nerve has been completely severed?
neuroma
