Chapter 10 The Substance of Justice

Question 1

Civil Liberties

Answer 1

Individual freedoms such as speech, press, religion, and assembly. The protection of these liberties is essential to a vital democratic society. Generally, the protection of civil liberties requires forbidding government to take certain actions.

Question 2

Incorporation

Answer 2

The judicial rule that applies civil liberties in the national Bill of Rights to the states because of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

Question 3

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Answer 3

A U.S. Supreme Court decision that riled the Texas law against burning a U.S. flag in a political protest as an unconstitutional restriction of the freedom of speech

Question 4

Secular

Answer 4

A term that means “apart from religion.” Public policies must serve a secular, as opposed to a religious, purpose to avoid establishing a religion

Question 5

Castle Doctrine

Answer 5

A law allowing Texans who have undergone ten hours of training to carry concealed handguns, and affirming the right of a citizen to defend his or her home against intrusion

Question 6

Roe v. Wade

Answer 6

A U.S. Supreme Court decision that declared the restrictive Texas abortion law unconstitutional as a violation of a woman’s right to privacy

Question 7

Parental Notification Law

Answer 7

A law requiring that, before a girl under the age of eighteen could get an abortion, her physician must inform her parents. Parents could not stop the operation, but they would have forty-eight hours to counsel the girl about her choices

Question 8

Civil Rights

Answer 8

The constitutional claims all citizens have to fair and equal treatment under the law. Among the most important civil rights are the ability to vote in honest elections, to run for and serve in public office, and to be afforded a fair trial presided over by an impartial judge if accused of a crime. Civil rights refer to actions that government must take in order to ensure equal citizenship for everyone

Question 9

Capital Punishment

Answer 9

The execution of a convicted criminal, normally imposed only on murderers

Question 10

Tort

Answer 10

A private or civil wrong or injury resulting from a breach of a legal duty that exists by reason of society’s expectations about appropriate behavior, rather than a contract. The injured party sues the alleged offender in order to receive compensation for his or her losses

Question 11

Women’s Right to Know Act

Answer 11

required that any women must sign a statement at least twenty-four hours before the termination of her pregnancy affirming that she had been given access to photos of fetal development and information regarding the risks of abortion and pregnancy

Question 12

Prenatal Protection Act

Answer 12

amended the state’s penal code to define an “individual” as beginning at the moment of fertilization and allowing criminal charges or civil lawsuits to be filed when an unborn child is killed