Chapter 10: Lowering risk of disease (1) Flashcards
What is cardiovascular disease?
Any disease affecting the structure and function of the heart and cardiovascular system
Includes disease and injury to the heart, coronary arteries and veins, and arteries and veins throughout the body and within the brain
Number 1 cause of death around the world
Explain how the heart works.
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Oxygen-rich blood passes from the left ventricle, through the aorta, to all parts of the body
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
The heart has 4 chambers: right and left atria, right and left ventricles
What is systole and diastole?
Systole: contraction of the ventricles
Diastole: relaxation of the ventricles
What is the sinoatrial node?
The Sinoatrial (SA) node sends an impulse that causes cardiac muscle tissue in the atrium to contract.
What are the 3 heart muscles?
Myocardium: consists of branching fibres that enable the heart to contract or beat
Average adult heart beats 70–80 times per minute
Pericardium: surrounds the myocardium and allows heart muscle to move freely
Endocardium: smooth membrane lining the inside of the heart and its valves
What are the 2 types of heart disease?
Arteriosclerosis: impairment of blood flow through the blood vessels
Atherosclerosis: a specific type of arteriosclerosis; plaque builds up on the artery walls, narrows the channels, and restricts blood flow
What is CHD?
Refers specifically to problems with coronary arteries, which provide blood circulation to the heart muscle
What is CHD also known as?
Also known as coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease
What is the most common heart disease in Canada?
Coronary heart disease
What is myocardial infraction?
Myocardial infarction (MI): medical term for a heart attack
Symptoms include chest pain, nausea, shortness of breath
Treatment 2 hours immediately following onset of symptoms is crucial
What is high blood pressure?
- Occurs when artery walls become constricted and force exerted as the blood flows through them is greater than it should be
- “Silent killer”
- Major risk factor for stroke and coronary heart disease
Define a stroke.
Occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is blocked
name and explain the types of stroke.
- Ischemic stroke: result of a blockage that disrupts blood flow to the brain
- Hemorrhagic stroke: occurs when a blood vessel ruptures
- Cerebral thrombosis (thrombotic stroke): blood clot
- Cerebral embolism (embolic stroke): a wandering blood clot is carried in the bloodstream and becomes wedged in one of the cerebral arteries
What is TIA?
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Mini-stroke
Caused by a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain
Usually lasts from 30 seconds to 10 minutes, but can last up to 24 hours
Define cancer
Cancer: uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells; DNA within the nucleus is altered and the cell goes out of control
Cancer cells metastasize via the bloodstream or lymphatic system
What are neoplasms?
Neoplasms: new formation or tumors
What are the classifications of cancer?
Carcinoma: epithelial tissue
Sarcoma: supporting or connective tissue
Leukemia: blood-forming tissue
Lymphoma: lymphatic system
What is the most common staging system for cancer?
TNM is the most common staging system
T: the size of the primary tumour
N: whether cancer cells have spread to lymph nodes, other tissues or organs close to the primary tumor
M: metastasis to other parts of the body
What are the stages of cancer?
Stage 0: atypical cells present but are localized
Stage I: tumor has not grown outside the organ it began in
Stages II, III: The disease is progressively more extensive
Stage IV: cancer has spread to other tissues or organs located further away from original site
