Chapter 10 - Intelligence

Question 1

What is intelligence?

Answer 1

Intelligence is defined to be the ability to solve cognitively difficult problems, the ability to reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment.

Question 2

What was Ludwig Wittgenstein’s definition of intelligence?

Answer 2

Wittgenstein’s definition of intelligence was use.

Question 3

Who was Francis Galton?

Answer 3

Known to be a pioneer of studies in intelligence, Galton’s research on intelligence was founded on eugenics.

Question 4

Who was Alfred Binet?

Answer 4

A French psychologist who (with Theodore Simon, another psychologist) invented a way to recognize which children needed more assistance in learning than others, now known to be the first practical intelligence test.

Question 5

What is mental and chronological age?

Answer 5

Mental age is the age that an individual performs tasks to the average of. Chronological age is the literal age that an individual is.

Question 6

What is (William) Stern’s intelligence quotient?

Answer 6

A ratio between mental and chronological age to measure intelligence at. The formula is known as:

IQ = (mental age/chronological age) x 100

Question 7

What is ratio IQ?

Answer 7

A standard measure of an individual’s intelligence level based on psychological tests. Stern’s intelligence quotient.

Question 8

What is the Stanford-Binet test?

Answer 8

A series of examinations meant to gauge intelligence through five factors of cognitive ability.

Question 9

What are psychometrics?

Answer 9

Psychometrics generally covers specialized fields within psychology and education devoted to testing, measurement, assessment, and related activities.

Question 10

What is factor analysis?

Answer 10

A form of pattern recognition in performance based tasks developed by Charles Spearman. It mainly helps uncover variables by identifying them in smaller manageable groups and helps simplify results into legible data.

Question 11

What is g-factor and what is s-factor?

Answer 11

G-factor or “general intelligence” would be the extent to which you perform on average for all the mental tasks.

S-factor or specific abilities are groupings of tasks that are distinguished together to form some sort of category. The g-factor is derived from these.

Question 12

What are crystallized and fluid intelligence? What are their acronyms?

Answer 12

GC or crystallized intelligence is intelligence that is stored in your head. They can be vocabulary terms or facts. GF or fluid intelligence is how well you are able to solve new problems. How well your brain adapts to different problems.

Question 13

How many intelligences does Sternberg believe in and what are they?

Answer 13

Three intelligences.
Analytical intelligence - What standard IQ tests tend to measure. Spatial reasoning, mathematics, vocabulary.
Practical intelligence - “Street smarts”, understanding of how to successfully navigate the world.
Creative intelligence - The ability to come up with new ideas and new solutions.

Question 14

How many intelligences did Gardner believe in and what were they?

Answer 14

Eight intelligences.
Linguistic - the ability to use language well. Reading comprehension, etc.
Logical mathematical - to be adept in mathematic and logical reasoning.
Visuospatial - the ability to manipulate environments or spaces in your mind.
Musical - musical sensitivity, interpretation, and skill
Bodily-kinesthetic - Related to abilities such as hand-eye coordinations.
Interpersonal - Social intelligence. To do well in social circumstances with other people.
Intrapersonal - For individuals who have good insight within themselves
Naturalistic - Those who have a good intuitive sense of the natural world.

Question 15

What is emotional intelligence?

Answer 15

Roughly corresponds to inter and intrapersonal intelligences. To be intuitive of anyone’s emotions. To be self-aware, self-regulate, have empathy, and to navigate social situations.

Question 16

What is deviation IQ?

Answer 16

Deviation IQ is defined as how many deviations you are from the mean. By what value do you stray away from the average score?

Question 17

What is the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale?

Answer 17

WAIS-4
In four components, each score is added up to make up the entire score:

Verbal comprehension index - vocabulary, information (gc), and similarities between two things.
Working memory index - digit span (how well you can remember digits in order), arithmetic (math)
Perceptual reasoning index - block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles.
Processing speed index - symbol search (recognizing patterns), coding.

Question 18

How many types of reliability are there and what do they mean?

Answer 18

There are three types of reliability.

• Test-retest reliability. Give the test on two different occasions and find how consistent the results are.
• Internal reliability/consistency. The extent to which the items within the test correlate with each other.
• Inter judge/rater reliability. When different people administer the test, are the results similar?

Question 19

How many types of validity are there and what do they mean?

Answer 19

Six types:
• Face validity. At first glance, subjectively, does it seem/look like it’s measuring the right thing?
• Content validity. Does the test measure the full range of what it’s supposed to measure?
• Criterion validity. Does the test correlate with something that it should be correlated with? There should be a relationship. Broken down into concurrent and predictive.
• Concurrent validity. Is the test correlated with something currently related?
• Predictive validity. Does the test correlate with something in the future?
• Construct validity. Whether the test measures the right theoretical construct. Does it measure something as we define it?

Question 20

What is standardization?

Answer 20

Each year, IQ tests are standardized to ensure that the average IQ value remains at 100. Even with developments in “collective” IQ, the average should not exceed 100.

Question 21

What is normal distribution?

Answer 21

Normal distribution is a statistical concept used to describe how a set of data points, like scores on a test or measurements of a trait, are distributed across a population. When data follow a normal distribution, most scores cluster around the mean (average), with fewer scores appearing as you move away from the mean in either direction. This creates a bell-shaped curve.

Question 22

What are norms?

Answer 22

Norms refer to the standards or benchmarks used to evaluate and compare individual behaviors, thoughts, or traits within a population. These norms help establish what is considered typical or average in a given context

Question 23

What is the Flynn Effect?

Answer 23

James Flynn examined raw scores in testing and found that IQ scores have been increasing every few years. The average IQ increased by 3 points for each decade, and this increase was dubbed the Flynn Effect.

Question 24

What is static testing and dynamic testing?

Answer 24

Static testing refers to traditional assessment methods that measure an individual’s abilities or knowledge at a specific point in time. Dynamic testing is a more interactive approach that evaluates a person’s learning potential and ability to benefit from instruction or support.

Question 25

What is heritability?

Answer 25

How much of the variation of a characteristic within a population can be attributed to genetic differences, there are two important caveats: Gene variability and change in environments.

Question 26

What are shared and non-shared environments?

Answer 26

Shared environments are environments that siblings share. Things such as the home, neighbourhood, or parents if children are treated equally. Non-shared environments are everything else like different friends, teachers, or even certain life events,

Question 27

What do ethnic group differences in IQ tests refer to?

Answer 27

The variables that come with individuals from certain ethnic groups. There may be a cultural phenomena in testing where certain tests may be skewed for a certain people to underperform in given their educational background/opportunities and social culture.

Question 28

What is predictive bias and outcome bias?

Answer 28

Predictive bias refers to systematic errors that occur when predictions about behavior, outcomes, or responses do not accurately reflect reality due to underlying assumptions or flawed models such as stereotypes. Outcome bias refers to a cognitive bias where people evaluate a decision based on its eventual outcome rather than the quality of the decision-making process itself such as judgement distortion or failure to discern valid from invalid findings often if it confirms predictions.

Question 29

Heritability WITHIN groups vs heritability BETWEEN groups

Answer 29

As humans share 99.9% of all of our DNA, most genetic differences happen to be within ethnic groups. From the 0.1% of genetic code that humans do not share, only 1/10 of those differences come from between groups while the other 9/10 is from within groups. Heritable differences cannot be attributed to groups but also environments. The differences of environment will dictate the heritability.

Question 30

What are some sex differences in IQ scores?

Answer 30

Brains in between the two sexes are composed differently. Women happen to have more white matter (clumps of axons) which constitutes their advantage in pattern recognition, verbal fluency, mathematical calculation, object location memory and fine motor skills. Men happen to have more grey matter (neuron cell bodies) which constitutes their advantage in mental rotation, spatial navigation, and mathematical word problems.