Chapter 10 Cells Flashcards
The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells
Cell division
A process occurring during S phase of the cell cycle when DNA is duplicated in preparation did cell division
DNA replication
The part if eukaryotic cell division where the cultus divides
Mitosis
The events during the life of a cell; mitosis, interphase and cytokinins
Cell cycle
The division of cytoplasm of one cell into two cells
Cytokinesis
One of two identical “sister” strands of a duplicated chromosome; joined by one centromere
Chromatid
The are where the two sister chromatids attach to each other and where spindle fibers attach to during mitosis or meiosis
Centromere
Phase in the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates it’s DNA, and prepares to divide
Interphase
A single, tightly coiled strand of DNA. Visible with light microscope
Chromosome
The genetic material of most organisms
DNA
Shape of DNA molecule consisting of repeating pairs, sugar and phosphate held together by weak hydrogen bonds
Double Helix
Pair of complementary nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule
Base Pairs
The genetic code of organisms based on sequence of the four nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine, and uracil found in RNA
Nitrogen Bases
(Synthesis phase) Part if the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated,occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase
S phase
First period of activity in the cell cycle in which cells do most of their growing, and proteins and organelles are also produced
G1 Phase
(Gap 2, prep for mitosis) following the S phase, it’s the shortest phase of the 3, when organelles and molecules are produced during the cell cycle and the cell prepares for division
G2 Phase
The first phase of mitosis when duplicated chromosomes shorten and thicken (condense), the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers form. In animal cells centrioles move to opposite sides of the dividing cell
prophase
DNA tightly wound around his tone proteins
Chromatin
Uncontrolled cell division
Cancer
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
Cyclin
A cell (gamete) with only a single set of chromosomes, represented by the “n”
Haploid
A cell with two homologous copies of each chromosome, usually one from the mother and one from the father, represented by the “2n”
Diploid
A barrel-shaped cell structure involved in cell division and found in most animal eukaryotic cells, though it is absent in higher plants and most fungi
Centriole
Cytoskeleton structure formed from the centrioles that separate the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division
Spindle fibers
Final phase of mitosis when the nuclear envelope reappears, chromosomes uncoil and the cell is pinching inward
Telophase
Third phase of mitosis when the sister chromatids begin to separate at the centromere and move towards opposite poles
Anaphase
Second phase of the mitosis when paired chromatids are lines up on the equator if the cell and the centromeres attach to the spindle fibers
Metaphase
A single, tightly coiled strand of DNA. Visible with light microscope
Chromosome
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
Gene
Shape of DNA molecule consisting of repeating pairs, sugar and phosphate held together by weak hydrogen bonds
Double Helix
Pair of complementary nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule
Base Pairs
The genetic code of organisms based on sequence of the four nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine, and uracil found in RNA
Nitrogen Bases
Second Part Of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated,
S phase
(Gap 1-growth) period of activity in the cell cycle in which cells do most of their growing, and proteins and organelles are also produced
G1 Phase
(Gap 2, prep for mitosis) following the S phase, it’s the shortest phase of the 3, when organelles and molecules are produced during the cell cycle and the cell prepares for division
G2 Phase
The first phase of mitosis when duplicated chromosomes shorten and thicken (condense), the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers form. In animal cells centrioles move to opposite sides of the dividing cell
prophase
Time period in the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates, it’s DNA and prepares to divide
Interphase
Uncontrolled cell division
Cancer
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
Cyclin
Group of nucleotides (a and g) that have a nitrogenous base containing two fused carbon rings
Purine
Monomer of nucleic acids; composed of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
Nucleotides
The principle enzyme involved in DNA replication; joins free nucleotides to the template strands of DNA
DNA polymerase
Cytoskeleton structure formed from the centrioles that separate the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division
Spindle fibers
Proteins that help organize DNA
Histone
Group of nucleotides (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) that have a nitrogenous base containing one ring of carbon
Pyrimidine
Identical chromosome set with the same genes- one from mom and one from dad
Homologous chromosomes
Sunday
Helio
Half
Hemi
Other, different
Hetero
Like similar
Homo
Hydr
Water
