Ch 12 Flashcards
The ability of a living bacterium to incorporate the DNA of another bacterium into it’s genome
Transformation
The principle enzyme involved in DNA replication
DNA polymerase
Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
Gene
Ribonucleic acid- single stranded nucleic acid used in protein synthesis
RNA
Used to take a copy of a gene to the ribosome to code for a specific sequence of amino acids
Messenger RNA
Combines with proteins to make ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
Used to bring specific amino acids to the ribosomes so that they can be joined together in the production of proteins
Transfer RNA
The process of smoking an mRNA copy of A specific gene using the original code found on the DNA
Transcription
An enzyme used in the production of mRNA during transcription
RNA polymerase
The portion of the mRNA that is removed before the mRNA is exported from the nucleus
Intron
The coding portion of the mRNA that is exported from the nucleus
Exon
The consecutive nucleotides that specify a particular amino acid in the protein
Codon
The cell uses the code contained in mRNA to produce a string of amino acids
Translation
Group of three cases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
Anticodon
Mutations that involve a change in one or a few nucleotides
Gene mutations
Mutations that occur at one point in the DNA sequence
Point mutations
One nucleotide is accidentally substituted for another during DNA replication or transcription
Substitution
And additional nucleotide is included during DNA replication or transcription
Insertion
A nucleotide is left out during DNA replication or transcription
Deletion
As a result of an addition or deletion mutation the codon sequence is shifted so that the subsequent codons are changed which may affect the sequence of amino acids
Frameshift mutations
Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes; includes deletions duplications inversions and translocations
Chromosomal mutations
A portion of a chromosome is removed, eliminating many genes
Deletion (chromosomal)
A portion of the chromosome is duplicated, creating multiple copies of the same genes
Inversion
Part of one chromosome is attached to another chromosome
Translocation
A picture of a chromosome arranged so that homologous chromosomes are paired
Karyotype
The chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
Sex chromosomes
All other chromosomes that are not sec chromosomes
Autosomes
Chart that shows the relationships in the family: used in tracking genetic disorders through families
Pedigree
Genes located on the X or Y chromosomes
Sex-linked genes
When Homologous chromosomes failed to separate during meiosis, resulting in abnormal numbers of chromosomes in gametes
Nondisjunction
All of an individual’s genes
Genome
The effort to sequence and analyze the entire human genome
Human genome project
Measure
Meter
Small
Micra
Thread
Mito
One, single
Mono
Myco
Fungus
Myo
Muscle
Dead
Necro
Night
Noct
All
Omni
Mass
Onco
Pushing
Osmo
