Chapter 10: Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Flashcards
cardiovascular disease
disorders of the heart and blood vessel system (cardiovascular system)
includes stroke, high blood pressure, cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, and coronary heart disease
leading cause of death - 1:4 people die from heart disease and is the leading killer in BOTH men and women
coronary heart disease
a chronic disease in which the arteries that supply the heart become narrowed or clogged with free-flowing fatty acids or plaque
results from either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis
a chronic disease in which cholesterol and other fats are deposited on the inner walls of the coronary arteries
this reduces circulation to the heart tissue
atheromatous plaques
buildups of fatty deposits within the wall of an artery that occur in atherosclerosis
epicardium
a thin outer layer of the heart tissue
endocardium
a thin inner layer of the heart tissue
myocardium
the middle layer of heart tissue
is separated into four chambers that work in coordinated fashion to bring blood into the heart and then to pump it throughout the body
arteriosclerosis
also called hardening of the arteries, a disease in which blood vessels lose their elasticity, making it hard for them to expand and contract
can occur as a result of smoking or old age
atherogenesis
the process of forming atheromatous plaques in the inner lining of arteries
ischemia
when the arteries that supply the heart are narrowed with plaques, restricting blood flow to the heart
angina pectoris
a condition of extreme chest pain caused by a restriction of the blood supplly to the heart
myocardial infarction (MI)
a heart attack; the permanent death of heart tissue in response to an interruption of blood supply to the myocardium
occurs when a portion of the myocardium begins to die (an infarct is an area of dead tissue)
stroke
a cerebrovascular accident that results in damage to the brain due to lack of oxygen
usually caused by atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis
ischemic stroke
most common type of stroke
occurs when plaques or a clot obstruct an artery, blocking the flow of blood to an area of the brain
hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel bursts inside the brain, increasing pressure on the cerebrum and damaging it by pressing it against the skull
this is associated with high blood pressure
Framingham Heart Study
a prospective epidemiological study involving testing every two years
physical exam and blood pressure test and 80 other exams
measured blood pressure, alcohol use, anxiety, sleep, and nervousness
identified risk factors for CVD
uncontrollable risk factors: family history and age
predicts CVD
advancing age increases risk of CVD
uncontrollable risk factors: gender
CVD rises sharply in men after age 40, and rises sharply for women during menopause. some experts think that CVD mortality rates may be caused by differences in the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen
the CVD differences between men and women throughout the world are not always the same, which makes this argument weaker
uncontrollable risk factors: race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status
experts believe that social, economic, and behavioral factors contribute to ethnic differences in CVD
people with lower SES tend to have more total risk factors for CVD, including high fat diets, smoking, and stressful life experiences
controllable risk factors: hypertension
a sustained elevation of diastolic and systolic blood pressure (140/90)
diastolic: measures the pressure in your blood vessels between heart beats
systolic: measures the pressure in your blood vessels when blood is flowing through that vessel during a heart beat
heredity plays a big role in this. stress is also a big factor
controllable risk factors: cardiovascular reactivity
an individual’s characteristic reaction to stress, including changes in 3 things:
heart rate
blood pressure
hormones
controllable risk factors: homeostasis (of injury)
the process that causes bleeding to stop via the AGGREGATION of platelets and the COAGULATION of blood
controllable risk factors: thrombosis
overactive clotting of blood
controllable risk factors: inflammation
nonspecific response of the immune system to tissue damage
when damage occurs, white blood cells rush to the injury site and defend against infection and further damage by engulfing bacteria and other potential invaders through the process of phagocytosis
controllable risk factors: Obesity
excess bodyweight increases someone’s risk of hypertension
Abdominal obesity associated with excess fat in the midsection promotes the greatest risk of CVD
controllable risk factors: cholesterol levels
doctors have known for a while that those with a higher cholesterol are at increased risk for CVD
comparing levels of high-density lypoprotein, low-density lypoprotein, and triglycerides is where you’ll get a more complete picture
metabolic syndrome
a cluster of conditions that occur together
includes elevated blood pressure and insulin levels, excess body fat, and unhealthy cholesterol ratios - that increase a person’s risk for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
controllable risk factors: tobacco use
smoking radically increases chances of CVD
type A personality
competitive, hurried, hostile people who may be at increased risk for developing CVD
type B personality
more relaxed people who are not pressured by time considerations and thus tend to be coronary disease resistant
anger and CVD
sudden extreme outbursts of anger are associated with heart attacks
depression
strongly associated with CVD
biopsychosocial model of CVD
for CVD to develop, a hostile person must first have a biological predisposition toward it. then, CVD may be more likely to develop because the hostile person’s attitude has chased away social support and continues to elicit negative responses from others, which leads to more hostility and damaging cardiac reactivity
reducing CVD
controlling 2 things:
hypertension
cholesterol levels
diabetes mellitus
a disorder of the endocrine system in which the body is unable to produce insulin (type 1) or is unable to use the pancreatic hormone insulin properly (type 2)
when there is excess sugar (glucose) in the blood, the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream, which tells the liver to stop producing glucose and tells the glucose in the blood to be taken up by surrounding cells.
insulin DECREASES blood sugar. when blood sugar levels get too low, the liver releases glucagon, which tells the pancreas to increase the blood glucose levels
when you don’t have insulin in the blood, you can’t get glucose to the cells, like a clogged water main that isn’t allowing water to flow into a house.
causes of diabetes
obesity, environmental and genetic factors, stress
prevention of diabetes
exercise
diabetes self-management
regulate your weight, exercise, and diet
what is glycemic control?
the action of monitoring glucose levels to keep blood sugar at a stable, healthy level
illness intrusiveness
the extent to which a chronic illness disrupts an individual’s life by interfering with valued activities and interests and reducing:
perceptions of personal control
self-efficacy
self-esteem
arterioles
a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries
capillary
any of the fine branching blood vessels form a network between the arterioles (artery) and the venules (veins)
what generally causes coronary heart disease?
conditions like atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis
what is the single best predictor of CVD?
Diabetes
pre-diabetes
higher than normal blood glucose levels
complications of diabetes include?
loss of blood flow to extremities atherosclerosis retinal damage renal failure pancreatic cancer memory impairment
type 1 diabetes management
insulin injections
goal is to self-manage blood sugar and failure to do so has serious health implications
avoid added sugar consumption exercise regularly stress and mood management education on the illness social support
