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Health Psychology > Chapter 10: Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Flashcards

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1
Q

cardiovascular disease

A

disorders of the heart and blood vessel system (cardiovascular system)

includes stroke, high blood pressure, cardiac arrest, congestive heart failure, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, and coronary heart disease

leading cause of death - 1:4 people die from heart disease and is the leading killer in BOTH men and women

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2
Q

coronary heart disease

A

a chronic disease in which the arteries that supply the heart become narrowed or clogged with free-flowing fatty acids or plaque

results from either atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis

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3
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a chronic disease in which cholesterol and other fats are deposited on the inner walls of the coronary arteries

this reduces circulation to the heart tissue

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4
Q

atheromatous plaques

A

buildups of fatty deposits within the wall of an artery that occur in atherosclerosis

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5
Q

epicardium

A

a thin outer layer of the heart tissue

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6
Q

endocardium

A

a thin inner layer of the heart tissue

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7
Q

myocardium

A

the middle layer of heart tissue

is separated into four chambers that work in coordinated fashion to bring blood into the heart and then to pump it throughout the body

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8
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

also called hardening of the arteries, a disease in which blood vessels lose their elasticity, making it hard for them to expand and contract

can occur as a result of smoking or old age

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9
Q

atherogenesis

A

the process of forming atheromatous plaques in the inner lining of arteries

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10
Q

ischemia

A

when the arteries that supply the heart are narrowed with plaques, restricting blood flow to the heart

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11
Q

angina pectoris

A

a condition of extreme chest pain caused by a restriction of the blood supplly to the heart

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12
Q

myocardial infarction (MI)

A

a heart attack; the permanent death of heart tissue in response to an interruption of blood supply to the myocardium

occurs when a portion of the myocardium begins to die (an infarct is an area of dead tissue)

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13
Q

stroke

A

a cerebrovascular accident that results in damage to the brain due to lack of oxygen

usually caused by atherosclerosis or arteriosclerosis

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14
Q

ischemic stroke

A

most common type of stroke

occurs when plaques or a clot obstruct an artery, blocking the flow of blood to an area of the brain

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15
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

occurs when a blood vessel bursts inside the brain, increasing pressure on the cerebrum and damaging it by pressing it against the skull

this is associated with high blood pressure

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16
Q

Framingham Heart Study

A

a prospective epidemiological study involving testing every two years

physical exam and blood pressure test and 80 other exams

measured blood pressure, alcohol use, anxiety, sleep, and nervousness

identified risk factors for CVD

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17
Q

uncontrollable risk factors: family history and age

A

predicts CVD

advancing age increases risk of CVD

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18
Q

uncontrollable risk factors: gender

A

CVD rises sharply in men after age 40, and rises sharply for women during menopause. some experts think that CVD mortality rates may be caused by differences in the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen

the CVD differences between men and women throughout the world are not always the same, which makes this argument weaker

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19
Q

uncontrollable risk factors: race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

A

experts believe that social, economic, and behavioral factors contribute to ethnic differences in CVD

people with lower SES tend to have more total risk factors for CVD, including high fat diets, smoking, and stressful life experiences

20
Q

controllable risk factors: hypertension

A

a sustained elevation of diastolic and systolic blood pressure (140/90)

diastolic: measures the pressure in your blood vessels between heart beats
systolic: measures the pressure in your blood vessels when blood is flowing through that vessel during a heart beat

heredity plays a big role in this. stress is also a big factor

21
Q

controllable risk factors: cardiovascular reactivity

A

an individual’s characteristic reaction to stress, including changes in 3 things:

heart rate
blood pressure
hormones

22
Q

controllable risk factors: homeostasis (of injury)

A

the process that causes bleeding to stop via the AGGREGATION of platelets and the COAGULATION of blood

23
Q

controllable risk factors: thrombosis

A

overactive clotting of blood

24
Q

controllable risk factors: inflammation

A

nonspecific response of the immune system to tissue damage

when damage occurs, white blood cells rush to the injury site and defend against infection and further damage by engulfing bacteria and other potential invaders through the process of phagocytosis

25
Q

controllable risk factors: Obesity

A

excess bodyweight increases someone’s risk of hypertension

Abdominal obesity associated with excess fat in the midsection promotes the greatest risk of CVD

26
Q

controllable risk factors: cholesterol levels

A

doctors have known for a while that those with a higher cholesterol are at increased risk for CVD

comparing levels of high-density lypoprotein, low-density lypoprotein, and triglycerides is where you’ll get a more complete picture

27
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

a cluster of conditions that occur together

includes elevated blood pressure and insulin levels, excess body fat, and unhealthy cholesterol ratios - that increase a person’s risk for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes

28
Q

controllable risk factors: tobacco use

A

smoking radically increases chances of CVD

29
Q

type A personality

A

competitive, hurried, hostile people who may be at increased risk for developing CVD

30
Q

type B personality

A

more relaxed people who are not pressured by time considerations and thus tend to be coronary disease resistant

31
Q

anger and CVD

A

sudden extreme outbursts of anger are associated with heart attacks

32
Q

depression

A

strongly associated with CVD

33
Q

biopsychosocial model of CVD

A

for CVD to develop, a hostile person must first have a biological predisposition toward it. then, CVD may be more likely to develop because the hostile person’s attitude has chased away social support and continues to elicit negative responses from others, which leads to more hostility and damaging cardiac reactivity

34
Q

reducing CVD

A

controlling 2 things:

hypertension
cholesterol levels

35
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a disorder of the endocrine system in which the body is unable to produce insulin (type 1) or is unable to use the pancreatic hormone insulin properly (type 2)

when there is excess sugar (glucose) in the blood, the pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream, which tells the liver to stop producing glucose and tells the glucose in the blood to be taken up by surrounding cells.

insulin DECREASES blood sugar. when blood sugar levels get too low, the liver releases glucagon, which tells the pancreas to increase the blood glucose levels

when you don’t have insulin in the blood, you can’t get glucose to the cells, like a clogged water main that isn’t allowing water to flow into a house.

36
Q

causes of diabetes

A

obesity, environmental and genetic factors, stress

37
Q

prevention of diabetes

A

exercise

38
Q

diabetes self-management

A

regulate your weight, exercise, and diet

39
Q

what is glycemic control?

A

the action of monitoring glucose levels to keep blood sugar at a stable, healthy level

40
Q

illness intrusiveness

A

the extent to which a chronic illness disrupts an individual’s life by interfering with valued activities and interests and reducing:

perceptions of personal control
self-efficacy
self-esteem

41
Q

arterioles

A

a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries

42
Q

capillary

A

any of the fine branching blood vessels form a network between the arterioles (artery) and the venules (veins)

43
Q

what generally causes coronary heart disease?

A

conditions like atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis

44
Q

what is the single best predictor of CVD?

A

Diabetes

45
Q

pre-diabetes

A

higher than normal blood glucose levels

46
Q

complications of diabetes include?

A 
loss of blood flow to extremities
atherosclerosis
retinal damage
renal failure
pancreatic cancer
memory impairment
47
Q

type 1 diabetes management

A

insulin injections

goal is to self-manage blood sugar and failure to do so has serious health implications

avoid added sugar consumption
exercise regularly
stress and mood management
education on the illness
social support

Health Psychology (16 decks)

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