Chapter 10 Flashcards
became the new center of economic trade
manors
to exchange goods for goods
barter
controlled Mediterranean trade
Italy
There were three main routes, what was the Northern route known as?
the Silk Road
became primary centers for trade on the local level
markets
What were serfs now allowed to do?
produce extra goods and sell them for profit
What was bartering replaced by?
money
evaluated and exchanged money
moneychangers
Who shaped economic ideas?
the church
price that included the cost of materials, a fair return for labor expended and a reasonable profit
just price
the practice of charging interest for the use of lent money
usury
___ grew in importance at the markets and trade fairs throughout Europe.
Moneychangers
place where privileges granted to a town were recorded
charter
___ were important centers of exchange.
Towns
organizations that formed to regulate the business activities of a town
guilds
What were the craft guild members from lowest to highest?
apprentices, journeymen, masters
Germans that sought to control and organize trade in northern Europe
Hanseatic League
What new social class emerged?
the Middle class
killed a large portion of Europe’s population in the Late Middle Ages
The Black Death/ plague
What factors contributed to the decline of the feudal system?
Crusades,
the rise of the middle class,
fair trade
the center of activity within towns
Town Squares
What caused disease and epidemics to spread rapidly?
poor sanitation
Describe most towns.
small & enclosed by walls
the primary centers of education
Monasteries and Cathedrals
What did students of the Middle Ages chose schools based on?
their teacher’s qualifications
two of the earliest universities
Bologna, Italy & Paris
Students at ___ formed ___ to make sure that the teachers provided the education that they were paying for.
Bologna
a guild
intellectual movement characterized by a renewed interest in theology and philosophy
scholasticism
archbishop of Canterbury and a scholastic thinker, believed that Christians should use reason to better understand God’s revelation and His existence
Anselm
showed foresight in technological predictions
Roger Bacon
Scholasticism reached it’s height under ___.
Thomas Aquinas
Who were the three main scholars?
Anselm
Peter Abelard
Thomas Aquinas
Medieval Science relied heavily on ___ and ___.
magic
superstition
wrote about Pilgrims traveling to Becket’s shrine (this gave a good picture of medieval life)
Chaucer
common spoken language
Vernacular
traveled from castle to castle singing their songs of love and adventure to noblemen and their ladies
troubadours
Who were the two greatest writers of the late medieval period?
Dante
Chaucer
wrote about an imaginary journey through hell, purgatory, and paradise
Dante
Art and architecture were most influenced by ___.
the church
“Roman like”, most preferred architectural style in Europe
Romanesque
a new form of architecture that devised a way to support stone vaults and ceilings by the use of “flying” or external buttresses
Gothic
___ and ___ were credited with writing medieval hymns.
Francis of Assisi
Bernard of Clairvaux
developed in the late Middle ages as people became more aware of common traditions and language
Nation-states
a long struggle between England and France that lasted from 1337-1453
Hundred Years’ War
What were the causes of the Hundred Years’ War?
- English holdings in France
2. Refusal to give the throne to Edward III
The ___ won several victories in the Hundred Years’ War. Ultimately the ___ won the war.
English
French
a battle in the Hundred Years’ War
the Battle of Crecy
stirred French nationalism
Joan of Arc
Civil war that broke out in England as a consequence of the Hundred Years’ War
the War of the Roses
Which houses were involved in the War of the Roses? What were their symbols?
House of York (white rose)
House of Lancaster (red rose)
How was the War of Roses ended?
Henry Tudor (Lancaster) defeated Richard III (York) at the Battle of Bosworth Field.
founded the powerful Tudor Dynasty
King Henry VII
Henry Tudor
Spanish Muslims
The Moors
Who sought to drive out the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula? What was this movement called?
The Spanish & Portuguese
the Reconquista
How was the nation of Spain created?
Ferdinand married Isabella
What ended German influence in Italy?
the collapse of the Hohenstaufen House
heir to the throne of Castile
Isabella
the German constitution
the Golden Bull
the German equivalent of Parliament & Estates-General
the Diet
heir to the throne of Argon
Ferdinand
now occupied the Holy Roman Empire and ruled until after World War I
the Habsburg family
established the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire
the German constitution
the Golden Bull
was burned at the stake (accused of being a witch)
Joan of Arc
The War of the Roses enabled the king of ___ to levy a heavy land tax called a ___.
France
taille
The ___ had lost its hold on the kings of Europe and its position of leadership in the church.
Roman Church
___ would not submit to ___’s demands and was then challenged by ___.
Pope Boniface VIII
Philip IV
Philip IV
Papal capital was moved from ___ to ___. All popes reside there from 1309-1377. What did this period become known as?
Rome
Avignon, France
the Babylonian Captivity of the Church/ the Avignon Exile
a period in which two popes ruled (one from Rome & one from Avignon)
Great Schism
a council that healed the schism and restored the pope to Rome
Council of Constance
