Chapter 10 Flashcards
2 names for every organism
genus and specific epithet (species)
eukarea names
species genus family order class phylum kingdom domain (eukarya)
clone
pure culture
strain
groups from a pure culture that arent all identical
3 theories on orgins of viruses
1) arose independtly from replicating strands of nucleic acids
2) degenerative cells that lost ability to survive independently
3) coevolved with host cells
differential staining
gram pos or neg
acid fast
based on chem compostion of cell wall
Biochemical tests
enzymatic activities of bacteria
identification of pathogens
insight into bacteria’s niche
use of selective and differential media
types of biochemical tests
Rapid identification methods
numerical identification
Rapid identification methods/numerical identification
identify bacteria 4-24 hrs for medically important bacteria assign number for results of each test computerized interpredtation limitation: mutations in plasmids may result in strains with differnt characteristics
biochem test
Serology
studies science and immune response
based on bacteria as antigenic, stimlate antibody formation
antiserum
solution of antibodies used to identify a microorganism
types of serology tests
slide aggulation test
enzyme linked immunosorbend assay (ELISA)
Western blotting
slide aggulation test
unknown bacteria place in saline
add differnt antiserum to each sample
clumping of bacteria when mixed with antibodies that were produced in response to that bacteria
serology
enzyme linked immunosorbend assay (ELISA)
fast computer scanner place antibodies to wall of microplate, add unknown bacteria reaction identifies bacteria used in AIDS testing
serology
Western blotting
identify antibodies in patient serum
Lyme disase
1) get proteins seperated via electric current
2) transfer proteins by blotting
3)wash pateint serum over plate. antibodies and proteins combine if patient has the antibody
4) visualized by color band after enzyme’s substrate added
serology
Serological testing differentiates…
between species, strains w/in species
what are strains with different antigens called
serotypes, serovars, or biovars
Phage typing
similarities in bacteria
test to determine which phages bacteria are susceptible to
cover plate with bacteria, drop different phage on each
clearing in bacterial growth (plaque) if the phage lyses the bacteria
Fatty Acid Profiles
FAME
separate fatty acids and compare fatty acid profiles of knowns
Flow Cytometry
don’t need to culture
moving fluid with bactera forced through small openings
detect differnce in electral conductivity between cells and surrounding medium
scattering of light=info about cell size, shape, density, surface
DNA Base Composition
percentage of G+C… degree of species relatedness
if difference of more than 10%, organisms probably not related
DNA Fingerpringint
restriction enzymes
deterime sequence of bases
treat with same restriction enzyme, separate by electrophoresis
compare number and size of fragments
determine source of hospital acquired infections
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)
cant culture as usual
increase amount of microbial DNA levels to be tested by electrophorises
use PCR
identified whipples disease
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
separate strands and determine relatedness between base sequence of 2 organisms
study ability of DNA from two different organisms to come together
DNA-DNA, RNA-RNA, DNA-RNA
