3 Cells 2

Question 1

cyanobacterium

Answer 1

photosynth.. blue/green algae
produces O2:
-oceans from blue to green
-precipitation of aqueous iron
-killed most life on earth: great oxygenation event 2.3 bill yrs ago

Question 2

primordial earth

Answer 2

anerobic and very acidic

there are still some niches like that

Question 3

layered rocks in Austrilia

Answer 3

layers of RUST
due to changing oxygen levels
begining of movement to life on land started with the atmosphere started getting oxygen

Question 4

Layered rocks theory 1

Answer 4

O2 production caused ecological catastrophe, ecosystem collapsed and it took a long time for it to recover and for cyannobacteria to produce enough oxygen again
it was a SLOW event

Question 5

Layered Rock Theory 2

Answer 5

Global Ice Ball Theory
O2 oxidizes of methane
lots of bacteria produce methane as a byproduct
there was lots of methane in atmosphere before cyannobacteria (so earth was very warm)
cyannobacteria introduces oxygen: planet freezes over
thaw again, oxidation, methane causes warming, etc

lots of freezing and thawing

Question 6

pores and transport systems

Answer 6

active/passive

Question 7

secretion systems

Answer 7

send complexs/proteins beyond the membrane

• pili:transmission of DNA
• flagella: motillity
• toxin secretion: assembly of things outside of the cell

Question 8

goal of cells:

Answer 8

use nrg to do work outside of cell
ATP… you can’t send it outside of the membrane
isntead charge and transport things out to do work

Question 9

Active vs. passive transport

Answer 9

whether based on conc gradient or ATP use

Question 10

passive transport

Answer 10

movement of small molecs

based on conc gradient

Question 11

aquaporin

Answer 11

water only

passive, based on gradeint

Question 12

nonspecific transporters

Answer 12

anything goes back and forth

passive, based on gradeint

Question 13

specific transporters

Answer 13

use no nrg, but use only specific things

passive, based on gradeint

Question 14

facillitated diffusion

Answer 14

uses channels and carrier proteins

specific, passive, CAN BE SATURATED

Question 15

osmosis

Answer 15

water transport
based on salt concs on either side of cell
isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

remember, water can move across membrane, not salt

Question 16

isotonic

Answer 16

concs of salt and water on same on inside and outside of cell
net 0 diffusion
there is movement of water molecs, but not NET change
very good for cell

Question 17

hypertonic

Answer 17

more water inside cell, more salt outside
water moves out
cell shrinks, not lethal though

Question 18

hypotonic

Answer 18

more salt inside cell

swelling and lysing for cells with weak walls because water rushes in

Question 19

how to avoid lysing of bacteria in hypotonic solution?

Answer 19

cell wall!!!
peptidoglycan layer is a lattice that prevents bursting
resistant to hypo and hyper

Question 20

how do BODY CELLS deal with gram positive bacteria

Answer 20

surround it with a ton of water (create hypotonic solution around the bacteria cell)
break cell wall with enzymes
lysing bc no more cell wall

Question 21

how we use hypertonic solutions

Answer 21

pickle juice
salting meat
does not sterilize!!!!! bacteria dont spoil the food because we slow them down, but theyre not dead

Question 22

active transport

Answer 22

use energy to transport sugars, amino acids, organic acids, inorganic ions

ususally involves binding of things like ATP and the target to the transport protein, hydrolysis of ATP, conf. changes

Question 23

bacterial secretion

Answer 23

of a sticky sugar called glycocalyx

Question 24

glycocalyx

Answer 24

defense: avoid dehydration (survie dessication: immediate deydradtion)
slime layer on bacterial surface. stifky
made inside of cell and secreted out

slime layer of capsule

Question 25

function of glycocalyx

Answer 25

attachment to surfaces... aid in colonization protect from desiccation/dehydration nutrient trap virulance factor: protects from phagocyotisis from immune cell - if immunse cell grabs it, it can't hold on

Question 26

capsule vs. slime layer

Answer 26

capsule is more organized and better attached

Question 27

S layer

Answer 27

on surface of gram positive bacteria inert, sit. protection and adhesion purifying them makes them self assmble into strucutre that perfectly fits around the bacteria. wound spring... have a little nrg that makes them self assemble

Question 28

spore

Answer 28

way for bacteria to survive in exterme environemnts preserve genetic material kind of secreted MOSTLY GRAM POSITIVE (a few gram negative have it too)

Question 29

spores are resistant to...

Answer 29

``` heat radiation toxins antibiotics dessication ```

Question 30

net number of cells with endospore formation

Answer 30

is zero | mother cell dis

Question 31

what do spores look like in cells?

Answer 31

light, nonstaining areas within cells

Question 32

what kills spores???

Answer 32

Bleach!!!!!!!!!

Question 33

formation of endospores

Answer 33

assymetric division engulf the smaller cell (both contain genetic material) mother dies: so NOT a replication event (no net gain of cells) genome equivalent: not number of cells, number of genomes

Question 34

Quarum Sensing

Answer 34

communication and determination of local concs of same and other species of bacteria

Question 35

Autioinducer systems and quarum sensing

Answer 35

secrete small diffusible compounds bacteria react to high concs of chems and alter their gene expressions atp to make light

Question 36

light organ squid

Answer 36

vibrio fisheri: produce visible light at high bacteria concs in Squid have it in bellies contract light organ to make more light bellies so that predators cant see them when they pass over moon and create shadow squid produces sugar so that the bacteria grows in its light organ

Question 37

how do bacteria know concentration

Answer 37

quarum sensing decsion making based on concs: inter and intra species sense conc of metabolic byproducts (waste) thus they know how many other bacteria are around can direct them how fast to eat/metabolize

Question 38

Biofilms: quarum sensing

Answer 38

``` protect from immune system, dislodging organized group of bacteria matrix of bacteria and glycocalyx. functions like multicellular organism inc anitbioitc resistance plaque on teeth ``` make descsions based on conc. from free living bacteria to adhesive form.

Question 39

3 things protein complexes do

Answer 39

secretion adhesion motility

Question 40

central dogma

Answer 40

DNA-> RNA-> proteins->work! | solved by Crick

Question 41

S (spedbergs)

Answer 41

rate of sedimentation affected by density, size, and shape measures the particle moving through a thick solution the two RNA subunits are more effective when the move together, thats why the number is smaller