5 Classification of Bacteria Flashcards
Actin
short movement of vesicles
like city streets
(stress fibers)
tubulin
further movement of vesicles
like highways
(flagella motility)
actin and tubulin are…
polymers
directional (+/- sides), polar, multisubunit polymers
polymerization and depolymerization causes movement
who has cytoskeleton
both proks and euks…
but proks don’t move vesicles like euks do
why can’t proks get very big
they are dependent on diffusion
proks can get bigger because they can move stuff and thus don’t depend on diffusion
Actin formation
formation has to do with stress
Amino Fluoresence
localiaizing proteines due to interactions with antibodies
w. this stain, microbes appear bright against dark background
detect bacteria w.in cells
ineject bacteria, antibodies floruesce if they interact with the antigen, remove the antibodies and add to microscope of unknown bacteria. if it is the sam, tjhe flourescent antibodies will bind to the angitgens on the bacteria causing floursecence
actin motility
crawling motion… actin gets together on one edge
polymerization of actin pushes on the sides of membrane, water enters, anchor proteins are dropped, repeat
push and anchor
- endocytosis… from surface to inside
- bacterial motility
myosin
DOES NOT drive vesicle movement
tubulin
looks disorganized, but is MORE organized
everything returns to a region near the nucleus
Microtubule Organizing Center
center near nucleus to which everything returns
microtubules radiate from this region parallely
actin moves vesicles from one microtubule to another
microtubules
all lead away from MTOC
like interstate highway system
don’t connect to MTOC, just get close to it
Dyneins
cargo TOWARD nucleus
hydrolyze ATP
2 probes: attachm detach, wiggle, re-attach
grab and drag motion
Kinesins
cargo move AWAY from nucleus
one end connected to cargo vesicle, one to microtubule
hydrolyze ATP
penguin walk: ROTATIONAL motion
both dyneins and kinesins use…
ATP
both evolved seperately though
Cila and Flagella
moved by axonemal dyneins
motors rotate only 1 way… turn and relax
corkscrew motion
composed of microtubules and plasma membranes
bacterial flagella
push
work from behind
eukaryotic flagella
pull
from the front
Flagella
movement
a few long strucutres
Cillia
many short strucutures
movement of cell or particles
Nucleus
chromosomes
histones
no protein synth hapens here (proteins imported from cytosol)
telomerase
ER
membrane bound contiguous w/ nuclear envelope proteins mature here proteins to be secreted or inserted into membranes sent here contains lots of chaperones
ER chaperones…
for protein folding
maturation process begins with folding?
What is “outside”?
Outside, isider ER, inside Golgi, inside vesicles
like digestive tract, inverted balloon
whatever membrane wraps around…
if its seperated from cytosol, its probably “outside” (except nucleus)
if a protein has a signal sequence…
it is sent to ER by ribosome
because it is going to be secreted
Golgi Complex
glycosylation (adding sugars)… can add lots
part of protein maturation
maturation…
not a linear process
may pass through a region of Golgi multiple times
fold of Golgi…
is like a mini factory
checked for rightness and wrongness and may be sent back
microtubules and maturation
they drive the movement!
Endosomes and Lysosomes
take stuff from outside to inside cells
or the other way
Endosomes
recycling: surface, in, back to surface
some fuse w/ lysosomes
Endocytosis: pino, phago
Lysosomes
specialized vesicle
enzymes to break down food so that they can be transported into cytosol to feed cell
low pH
derived from Golgi
Mitochondria
how archaea dealt w/ oxygen… captured a prok… this is how euks happened
respiration ATP synth 2 membranes cristea: folds in inner membrane come from mother (70S ribsome, circ. chromosome)
Vacuoles
contain water for storage.pumping
some have gas
plants and protozoa
Chloroplasts
photosynthetic 3 membranes 70s ribosome small circular captured prok (likely) Thylakoids: inc SA for photosynth
naming
genus species
kinda works for bacteria… but harder bc binary fission instead of sexual reproduction
