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chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the circadian rhythm

A

natural oscillation that repeats every 24 hours

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2
Q

what is a free-running animal

A

an animal that maintains its own cycle without external cues

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3
Q

what is a phase shift

A

shift in activity in response to a synchronizing stimulus like light

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4
Q

what is entrainment

A

process of shifting a biological rhythm to a stimulus

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5
Q

what is a zeitgeber

A

a cue that an animal uses to synchronize with the environment

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6
Q

what does the hypothalamus do for the circadian rhythm

A

suprachiasmatic nuclues, master clock/conductor

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7
Q

what does the pituitary do (in the context of sleep and stress)

A

CRH

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8
Q

what does the adrenal gland do

A

cortisol; arousal and sleep cycles

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9
Q

what does the pineal gland do

A

melatonin; manage sleep/wake cycles and winds the clock

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10
Q

what do the eyes/retin do

A

receive light information w/ melanopsin

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11
Q

what are the two proteins SCN cells make

A

clock and cycle

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12
Q

what do clock and cycle proteins form when they bind together

A

dimer

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13
Q

what does the dimer do

A

binds to dna and promotes transcription of two genes (per and cry)

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14
Q

what do the per and cry genes do

A

create corresponding proteins that bind together

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15
Q

what do the per and cry proteins do

A

inhibit the activity of the clock/cycle dimer; promotes wakefulness; they eventually break down to start the cycle again

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16
Q

why does jet-lag happen

A

internal circadian system cannot keep up with rapid light-dark change

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17
Q

why is blue light bad for sleep

A

1) light suppresses melatonin
2) light from electronics is “short-wavelength enriched”

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18
Q

what is sleep

A

state of low physiological arousal and sensation, characterized by particular brain waves

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18
Q

what are the 4 brain wavelengths

A

beta (awake), alpha (drowsy), theta (early sleep), and delta (late sleep)

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19
Q

what are the two distinct classes of sleep

A

non-REM and REM sleep

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20
Q

characteristics of non-REM

A

three stages; characterized by distinctly different EEG waves

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21
Q

characteristics of REM

A

small amplitude, fast EEG waves, no postural tension, and rapid eye movements

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22
Q

beta rhythms

A

small, tightly clustered waves

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23
Q

alpha rhythms

A

regular oscillation at a frequency of 8-12 Hz

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24
what is stage 1 of sleep
more alpha rhythm, waves of smaller amplitude and irregular frequency, vertex spikes; heart rate slows, muscles relax, eyes roll slowly
25
what is stage 2 of sleep
waves of 12-14 Hz called sleep spindles, K-complexes (sharp negative EEG potentials)
26
what is stage 3 of sleep
large amplitude, very slow delta waves. This is the restful sleep. "Slow-Wave Sleep" (SWS)
27
what is stage 4 of sleep
REM sleep; small amplitude, high frequency, eyes dart rapidly, "paradoxical sleep"
28
how long is the sleep cycle
cycles last 90-110 minutes; about half is stage 2 and 20% is REM
29
what is sleep like in infants
sleep about 12 hours a day with short cycles and more REM sleep
30
what is sleep like in teenagers
circadian rhythm is shifted (stay up late, get up late) and need more sleep
31
what is sleep like in adults
older you get, less you sleep, with drastic changes in stage 3 as you age
32
what are two purposes of sleep
1. sleep restoration, such as muscle growth, tissue repair, etc. 2. synaptic homeostasis; less sleep, less plasticity
33
what stages do dreams occur
at all stages but most vivid in REM sleep
34
what are nightmares
long, firhgtening dreams that awaken sleeper from REM sleep
35
what are night terrors
sudden arousal from stage 3, with no recall of the dream
36
what is the activation-synthesis theory
dreams are a random result of neuronal activation during sleep
37
what is the information-processing theory
dreams are a by-product of organizing information accumulated over the day
38
what is the defense activation theory
dreams activate the visual system to prevent take-over from other senses
39
what do mild to moderate sleep deficits result in
irritability, learning and memory problems, concentration issues, lethargy
40
what do moderate to severe sleep deficits result in
disorientation, psychosis, hallucinations; heart disease, kidney disease, cancer, stroke, obesity, etc.; essentially turns off your immune system
41
what is the wakefulness pathway
SCN (per) → pituitary releases CRH → pineal body is inhibited (less melatonin) → increased orexin (wake neurons) and decreased VLPOA (sleep neurons) → increases glutamate → activates locus coeruleus, basal forebrain, raphe nucleus, pons
42
what is the sleep pathway
SCN (per weakens) → pituitary is inhibited → pineal gland is activated (more melatonin) → increased VLPOA and decreased orexin → increased GABA → inhibits locus coeruleus, basal forebrain, raphe nucleus, and pons
43
where are beta, alpha, and theta waves
throughout the brain, not one area
44
where are delta waves
claustrum; most prominent in frontal brain regions
45
what is the REM pathway
pontine tegmentum (reticular formation & PGO waves) → thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus) → occipital lobe → tectum → medulla nuclei → inhibits locus coeruleus
46
what is sleep onset insomnia
difficulity in falling asleep, caused by situational factors
47
what is sleep maintenance insomnia
difficulty in staying asleep, may be caused by drugs or other neurological/psychiatric factors
48
what is narcolepsy
frequent, intense sleep attacks that skip SWS and go straight to REM; suggested that issues with orexin leads to nacrolepsy
49
what is sleep paralysis
the brief inability to move just before falling asleep or after waking up; caused by the pontine center imposing muscle paralysis even when awake
50
what is REM behavior disorder
characterized by organized behavior in a person who appears to be asleep; i.e. acting out a dream
51
what is adenosine
neuropeptide; inhibits neural activity and induces drowsiness
52
what blocks adenosine receptors and affects adenosine autoreceptors
caffeine
53
how do sleeping pills work
bind to GABA receptors throughout the brain
54
what is sleep apnea
breathing may stop or slow when the muscles relax too much during sleep
55
what is SIDS
sudden death of a healthy infant who stops breathing during sleep; putting babies to sleep on their back has cut SIDS rates in half
56
what is a coma
prolonged state of unconsciousness with damage to the reticular formation that prevents waking
57
what is a persistent vegetative state
impaired consciousness that means the person is awake but cannot show awareness or respond; may also have basic reflexes such as breathing and eye movement
58
What is the pathway for light to induce wakefulness?
Light → eyes (retina) → melanospin → retinohypothalamic pathway → SCN → pineal gland → inhibits melatonin → pituitary → increases CRH → body
59
Why is our circadian rhythm 24 hours?
Clock/cycle and Per/Cry creation and breakdown takes about 24 hours.
60
Diagram of per and cry part of wakefulness
SCN → Clock (protein) and Cycle (protein) → form dimer → promote transcription of per and cry genes → per and cry proteins → per and cry proteins form a dimer → this dimer promotes wakefulness.
61
What stage of sleep decreases with age?
SWS. Losing this type of sleep means you lose the restorative element of sleep.

neuroscience (8 decks)

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