Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

neuroscience > chapter 1: anatomy > Flashcards

chapter 1: anatomy Flashcards

anatomy

1
Q

reticular theory

A

neurons are physically connected to each another (like wiring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cajal’s neuron doctrine

A

the brain and nervous system is composed of independent cells with gaps called “synapses”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells, primary cells of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

glial cells

A

provide support and participate in information processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

input zone

A

dendrites receive information from other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

integration zone

A

cell body/soma integrates the information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

conduction zone

A

axon/nerve fibers conducts output information away as electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

output zone

A

axon terminals communicate to other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

one axon, many dendrites, the most common neuron

A

multipolar neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

one axon, one dendrite, sensory

A

bipolar neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

single extension that branches in two directions w/ input and output zones (touch)

A

unipolar neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

large, long axons, stimulate muscles

A

motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

various shapes that response to specific stimuli

A

sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tiny axons that communicates between sensory and motor neurons

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

three components of synapses

A

presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

electrical surge

A

action potential that travels down the axon to axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

small spheres in presynaptic axon terminals that contain a neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

neurotransmitter receptors

A

specialized proteins that react to a neurotransmitter molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

axon function

A

propagate action potential & transport molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

axons contain what three protein strands involved in support

A

actin filaments, neurofilaments, microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

anterograde axoplasmic transport

A

soma to terminal with kinesin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

retrograde axoplasmic transport

A

terminal to soma with dynein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do gilal cells assist neuronal activity

A

providing raw materials, chemical signals, and structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths in the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
schwann cells
form myelin sheaths to neurons outside the CNS (PNS)
26
myelin sheath
facilitates conduction of the electrical signal down the axon
27
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps between myelin where axon is exposed
28
multiple sclerosis
demyelination of the axons on brain and spinal cord; impaired coordination
29
astrocytes
star-shaped cells that stretch around neurons and blood vessels, secrete chemicals, and help form the blood-brain barrier
30
blood-brain barrer
protects brain by keeping things out
31
microglial cells
tiny cells that remove debris from injured or dead cells
32
central nervous system (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
33
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
all other parts outside brain and spinal cord
34
what makes up the peripheral nervous system
motor nerves (efferent) and sensory nerves (afferent)
35
somatic nervous system
nerves that interconnect the brain and major muscles & sensory systems of the body, largely voluntary
36
autonomic nervous system
nerves that mediate bodily functions, largely unconscious
37
cranial nerves
innervate the head, neck, and visceral organs directly from brain
38
spinal nerves
connect to the spinal cord
39
12 cranial nerves
olfactory - smell optic - vision oculomotor - eye movement trochlear - eye movement trigeminal - facial sensation & chewing abducens - eye movement facial - taste, facial muscles vestibulocochlear - hearing & balance glossopharyngeal - throat vagus - heart, liver, intestines spinal accessory - neck muscles hypoglossal - tongue
40
sympathetic nervous system
division of ANS, prepares body for action via "fight or flight"
41
parasympathetic nervous system
helps body relax
42
sagittal plane
bisects into right and left halves
43
coronal plane
divides into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions
44
horizontal plane
divides brain into upper and lower parts
45
medial
middle
46
lateral
away from middle
47
anterior
front
48
rostral
towards the mouth
49
caudal
towards the tail
50
posterior
towards the back
51
dorsal
away from the lungs
52
inferior
down/below
53
superior
above/top
54
ventral
towards the lungs
55
ipsilateral
on the same side (left controls left)
56
contralateral
on opposite sides (left controls right)
57
cerebral cortex
outermost layer of the brain, organized contralaterally
58
lateralization of function
some neural processes are specialized to one side of the brain (right hemipshere = spatial judgement, left = describing experience in words)
59
gyri
ridged or raised portions in the cortexs
60
sulci
grooves or furrows in the cortex
61
sylvian fissure
boundary of the temporal lobe
62
central sulcus
divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
63
longitudinal fissure
divides brain in half
64
postcentral gyrus
strip of cortex behind the central cortex, important for touch
65
precentral gyrus
frontal lobe, important for motor control
66
gray matter
contains more cell bodies and dendrites which lack myelin
67
white matter
consists mostly of axons with white myelin sheaths
68
nuclei
collections of cell bodies (PNS: ganglion)
69
tracts
bundles of axons (PNS: nerves)
70
corpus callosum
bundle of axons that connects the hemispheres, allowing them to talk
71
neurulation
process of forming neural tubes
72
neural tubes
precursor to brain and spine, closes and then develops problems with neural tubes lead to issues such as anencephaly (anterior end does not close) and spine abifida (posterior end does not close)
73
forebrain
telencephalon and diencephalon
74
telencephalon is comprised of
the hemispheres, with four lobes each: frontal (movement), parietal (between frontal and occipital, sensory), occipital (posterior, visual), and temporal (lateral, auditory)
75
basal ganglia
important for motor control, consists of caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
76
limbic system
important for emotion and learning, consists of amgydala (emotional regulation), hippocampus & fornix (learning), cingulate gyrus (attention), and olfactory bulb (smell)
77
diencephalon is comprised of
thalamus (sensory info) hypothalamus (controls autonomic and endocrine systems)
78
midbrain
mesencephalon
79
the mesencephalon is comprised of
tectum with superior colliculi (visual reflexes) and inferior colliculi (auditory) tegmentum (reticular formation, relay station)
80
hindbrain
metencephelon & myelencephalon
81
metencephelon is comprised of
cerebellum - coordinated movements and sensory processing pons - sleep and arousal
82
myelencephalon is comprised of
medulla oblongata, contains part of the reticular formation and regulates cardiovascular function, respiration, and muscle tone
83
meninges
three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
84
what are the three meninges
dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid membraine
85
cerebrospinal fluid
in the arachnoid membrane, cleans and protects the brain
86
glymphatic system
regulates CSF
87
hydrocephalus
extra CSF on the brain

neuroscience (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions