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neuroscience > chapter 5: touch > Flashcards

chapter 5: touch Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

what do transduce stimuli do

A

convert a sensory signal into an electrical signal

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2
Q

receptor cells are…

A

selective, with different types for different sensations. larger are less specific and smaller are more specific

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3
Q

labeled lines

A

how the brain recognizes distinct senses; action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts

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4
Q

three components of the receptor field

A

part that increases neural firing
part that decreases neural firing
part that doesn’t influence neural firing

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5
Q

function of lateral inhibition

A

specificity; stimulating one neuron inhibits surrounding ones

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6
Q

how is touch detected

A

through mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

the two surface receptors

A

Meissner’s corpuscles (object handling, light touch, and slip)
Merkel disc (shapes, edges, pressure)

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8
Q

the two deep receptors

A

Ruffini corpuscles (stretching
Pacinian corpuscles (textures & vibrations)

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9
Q

what do free nerve endings do

A

respond to pain, heat, and cold

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10
Q

how do pacinian corpuscles work

A

stimulus opens sodium channels and produces graded generator potential

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11
Q

central modulation of sensory information

A

brain actively suppresses some inputs and amplifies others

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12
Q

sensory adaptation

A

progressive decrease in receptor response to sustained stimulation

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13
Q

phasic receptors

A

respond quickly to stimuli and display adaptation by decreasing frequency of action potentials

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14
Q

tonic receptors

A

respond slowly and over time. show little to no decline in action potential frequency

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15
Q

what does the dorsal column system do

A

deliver touch information

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16
Q

dorsal column transportation

A

receptors send axons via dorsal spinal cord to synapse on brainstem neurons
axons from those neurons go to the thalamus
sensory information is sent to a different region of the thalamus

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17
Q

where does information go after thalamus?

A

primary sensory cortex; one exists for each modality

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18
Q

what does the nonprimary sensory cortex do

A

receives direct projections from the primary sensory cortex area for the modality.

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19
Q

unimodal neurons

A

respond to one stimulus (primary sensory)

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20
Q

polymodal neurons

A

allow different sensory systems to interact (secondary sensory)

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21
Q

what can visual cells react to

A

Light, sound, and touch

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22
Q

what do nociceptive cells respond to

A

heat, chemicals, and mechanical stimuli

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23
Q

what are nociceptors

A

peripheral receptors on free nerve endings that respond to pain

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24
Q

what are the three types of nociceptors

A

mechanoreceptors (pressure)
thermoreceptors (temperature)
chemoreceptors (chemicals)

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25
what are the specialized ion channels for pain processing
transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family
26
TRPA1
chemo-irritant sensor, for chemical pain, inflammatory, itch, headahce
27
TRPM8
cold sensor, cold pain, itch, headaches
28
TRPV1
noxious heat sensor, pain caused by heat, inflammatory, and itch
29
TRPV4
mechano sensor, mechanical pain, nflammatory, neuropathic, headache, itch
30
what are the 2 main fibers that carry pain information
C fibers and Delta fibers
31
what do C fibers carry
chronic pain and hot temperature, aches and burns
32
what do delta fibers carry
acute pain and cold temperature, pricking, heat pain, stabbing pain
33
what does substance P do
promotes swelling via histamines, amplifies pain signal in the spine
34
what does glutamate do in relation to pain
amplifies pain signal in the spine
35
periaqueductal gray (PAG)
pain gateway
36
ascending pain pathway
passes signals to the thalamus
37
descending pain pathway
inhibits pain, releases enkephalin, and can inhibit substance P
38
pain pathway diagram
mechanical pain → TRPV4 allows Ca in → triggers C and delta fibers → glutamate and substance P → synapses in the spine → goes to brain via spinothalamic tract → PAG → thalamus → S1 → cingulate cortex
39
what are some factors in perceiving pain
age, genes, culture, mood, stress, etc.
40
where is perception of pain constructed in the brain
anterior cingulate cortex
41
what do mirror neurons do
pick up on the states of others, tied to feelings of attachment and love
42
what are pharmaceutical treatments for pain
opiate drugs, endogenous opiods, epidural or intrathecal injections, and other painkillers such as tylenol or cannabis
43
what is the placebo effect
relief of a symptom even though the treatment is an inert substance
44
how does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation work
relieves pain by stimulating nerves around the source of the pain; inhibits pain signals
45
how does capsaicin work
high doses irriate and causes pain, depleting substance P
46
afferent projections
pain & touch information and stimulus
47
efferent projections
motor responses
48
what is proprioception
collection of information about body movements and position
49
what are the two kinds of proprioceptors
muscle spindles and golgi body
50
what do muscle spindles control
extent and rate of muscle stretch
51
what do golgi body do
muscle tension and monitors the force of muscle contractions/stretches
52
what do motoneurons do
send action potentials down their axons to innervate muscles
53
what NT is important for movement?
acetylcholine
54
what receptor is important for movement?
nicotinic receptors (it is ionotropic because we want fast on and fast off activation for movement)
55
what is the neuromuscular junction
synapse between motoneuron and muscle fiber
56
two different types of movement are
voluntary (pyramidal) and involuntary (extra-pyramidal)
57
areas involved in **planning** voluntary movement are
**prefontal cortex** decides to move **posterior parietal cortex** integrates visual, tactile, other sensory information **premotor** plans and selects movement **supplementary motor** initiates movement sequences **basal ganglia** movement gatekeeper and decides which actions to allow/inhibit
58
areas involved in **executing** voluntary movement are
**primary motor cortex** (precentral gyrus) **Betz neurons** travel down through pyramids of brain stem and pyramidal/corticospinal tract, synapses with spine, and carries signals to muscles
59
areas involved in **involuntary movement** are
**cerebellum** coordinates and finetunes movement and posture **brainstem nuceli** posture, balance, respiration, coughing, sneezing, etc.
60
when do mirror neurons fire
making a movement and when observing an individual make the same movement (observational learning)
61
cerebral palsy
damage to motor areas of the brain during neurodevelopment, leads to trouble walking, spasticity, writhing movements
62
Parkinson's Disease
damage to the substantia nigra (too little dopamine); resting tremor, slow movements, stiffness, etc.
63
Huntington's Disease
damage to the basal ganglia (highly genetic); involuntary movements, depression & mood swings, memory lapses, difficulty moving and controlling movements
64
difference between quadriplegia and paraplegia
**quad** cannot control muscles from neck down **para** cannot control muscles from waist down
65
what are some cerebellum conditions
ataxia - loss of coordination hypotonia - loss of muscle tone generally slow speech and balance issues
66
What happens if you hit outside the receptive field?
No effect.
67
What happens if you hit the center of the receptive field?
Makes the field fire.
68
What happens if you touch near the center of the receptive field?
It laterally inhibits the nearby area.
69
Do surface or deep mechanoreceptors have a larger receptive field?
Deep mechanoreceptors (Ruffini and pascinian corpuscles) have larger mechanoreceptors, meaning they are less specific.
70
What are the difference between the primary and nonprimary sensory cortices?
The nonprimary sensory cortex handles the more complex parts of sense, such as memory, integration, communication between senses, and providing the full picture of the sensory stimuli.
71
Are Delta or C fibers myelinated?
Delta fibers are large and myelinated. C fibers are small and unmyelinated.
72
Voluntary movement pathway
Prefrontal Cortex → Posterior parietal cortex → premotor cortex → supplementary motor cortex →Basal ganglia → primary motor cortex → Betz cells → brain stem pyramids → corticospinal tract → motoneurons → NMJ → synapse → Acetylcholine (Ach)→ nicotinic receptors → contraction → Acetylcholinesterase (Achase)
73
Simple involuntary movement pathway
Cerebellum → brainstem nuclei →body

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