Chapter 10 Flashcards
Cell Cycle
- G1
- S-phase
- G2
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
G1
Cell Growth- increase size, nutrients. Prep for S-phase
S-phase
DNA is replicated, sister chromatids made and stuck together at the centromere
G2
Check for mistakes, cell growth- organelles replicated, prep for M-phase
Prophase
- chromosomes condense
- nuclear envelope dissolves
- spindle apparatus appears at poles, connecting to centromeres
Metaphase
apparatus lines chromosomes up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase
apparatus pulls the sister chromatids apart
Telophase
2 nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes, and they start to decondense
G0
Cell is not actively in the cell cycle
End product of Mitosis
2 genetically identical cells to the parent cell
Sister Chromatids
2 copies of DNA stuck together at the centromere
Homologous chromosomes
2 chromosomes with the same genes, but could have different alleles
Diploid
cells containing 2 copies of all unique chromosomes (all somatic cells)
Haploid
cells containing 1 copy of all unique chromosomes (gametes only)
Gametes
sex cells, haploid- egg and sperm
Somatic Cells
body cells, diploid
Autosome
all chromosomes but the sex chromosomes(1-22 in humans)
Sex Chromosome
1 pair of chromosomes that determines sex (chromosome 23 in humans)
XX= female, XY-= male
G1 Checkpoint
Cell is large enough, has enough nutrients, DNA is ok, receive a signal (Cyclin E)
G2 Checkpoint
DNA replicated correctly, organelles replicated, has enough nutrients, receives a signal (Cyclin A)
Metaphase Checkpoint
Chromosomes are properly attached to spindle apparatus, and aligned in the middle, receives a signal (Cyclin B)
Cause of Cancer
More than 1 mutation is usually needed before complete loss of control happens, mutagens can increase risk of mutation
