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PSYA01 > chapter 1: what is psychology? > Flashcards

chapter 1: what is psychology? Flashcards

1
Q

the scientific study of behaviour and mind

A

psychology

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2
Q

introduced the term tabula rasa (blank state), describing that humans are always learning from experience (nurture)

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

philosophy and physiology

A

two fields of study that relate to psychology

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4
Q

the belief that knowledge is gained directly from experience and observation

A

empiricism

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5
Q

observable actions or responses

A

behaviours

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6
Q

the philosophical position that the mind and body are entirely separated

A

dualism

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7
Q

French philosopher who described that the mind is inherent immaterial that could not be described through the physical body and introduced the concept of reflex

A

René Descartes

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8
Q

attempt to understand the fundamental principles that govern behaviour and mind

A

basic research

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9
Q

psychology that studies how and why maladaptive behaviour develops by examining thought and emotions along with underlying biology of mental illness

A

abnormal psychology

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10
Q

psychology that studies how variation in genetic structure and expression reflect in differences in behaviour patterns

A

behavioural genetics

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11
Q

psychology that studies how information is process (attention, perception, memory, problem solving, language, and thought)

A

cognitive psychology

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12
Q

psychology that studies the behaviour of non-human animals and how they compare to human psychology

A

comparative psychology

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13
Q

psychology that studies how people develop across the lifespan “womb to tomb”

A

developmental psychology

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14
Q

cognitive neuroscience or neuropsychology, the study of how specific brain regions or activity influences behaviour, to understand the physical underpinnings of their observations

A

behavioural neuroscience

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15
Q

psychology that studies how and why people act differently based on characteristics or traits

A

personality psychology

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16
Q

psychology that studies how an individual is influences by the environment and other people

A

social psychology

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17
Q

the use of psychological principles to solve practical problems, typically by influencing behaviour or changing the environment to match existing behaviour

A

applied psychology

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18
Q

done in an effort to discover a new or more effective way to solve a specific practical problem

A

applied research

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19
Q

the application of techniques to problems

A

applied practice

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20
Q

the effect to translate basic findings into practical solutions

A

translational research

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21
Q

focus on identify, preventing and relieving distress that is psychological in origin

A

clinical psychology

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22
Q

medical doctors that focus on the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

A

psychiatrists

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23
Q

the belief that some forms of knowledge are innate

A

nativism

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24
Q

the belief that all human behaviour is controlled by genetic and biological influences

A

biological determinism

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25
Q

emphasized the functional nature of traits and how adaptive traits exist to solve problems

A

evolutionary theory

26
Q

one’s genetic structure

A

genotype

27
Q

one’s physical trait

A

phenotype

28
Q

pseudoscientific study of the human skull to associate brain areas to specific characteristics or abilities

A

phrenology

29
Q

“father of modern psychology”, developed structuralism, focused on mental experience and sensation and perception

A

Wilhelm Wundt

30
Q

the act of breaking down immediate conscious experience into its basic elements and understanding how those combine to create experience

A

structuralism

31
Q

method used by Wundt to understand the components of mental processes based on participants’ self reports of their thoughts, feelings, and mental images

A

introspection

32
Q

to standardize the way that people report their own experiences so it could be compared to other’s more effectively

A

systematic introspection

33
Q

focusing on how people perceive an unified whole out of the many chaotic individual elements of sensation

A

Gestalt

34
Q

the position that psychologists must first understand the function of a behaviour or mental processes to understand how its part work together

A

functionalism

35
Q

“father of American Psychology”, functionalist

A

William James

36
Q

William James’ student, the first person in the U.S. to receive a doctorate degree in psychology in 1878

A

G. Stanley Hall

37
Q

influential in animal learning

A

Edward Thorndike

38
Q

suggests observable behaviour should be the only topic of study, ignoring conscious experience (what functionalism and structuralism were focused on)

A

behaviourism

39
Q

American psychologist who popularized the idea that the mind and internal mental states were beyond the scope of psychology, which should focus solely on the study of observable behaviour, “little albert”, “classical conditioning”

A

John B. Watson

40
Q

operant conditioning (how rewards and punishments can alter one’s behaviour), one of the leading thinkers in behaviourism by 1950s

A

B.F. Skinner

41
Q

the time when new technologies allowed psychologists to reevaluate their abilities on making inferences about the mind/internal mental states, returned the focus of psychology to the scientific understanding of the mind

A

the cognitive revolution

42
Q

contemporary researcher who studies language and cognition

A

Steven Pinker

43
Q

ancient Greek physician who made connection between mental illness and the physical body

A

Hippocrates

44
Q

critical in resolving mental health issues, the process of analyzing the contents of the unconscious mind so thoughts and feelings could be brought to the level of consciousness, methods used by Sigmund Freud

A

Psychoanalysis

45
Q

physician who believed that mental illnesses originated from the unconscious mind

A

Sigmund Freud

46
Q

proposed that people have free will to realize their own potential, focuses on positive aspects of the human condition (creativity, potential for growth)

A

humanists

47
Q

humanist with the person-centred approach to therapy, therapist’s role is to listen rather than analyze

A

Carl Rogers

48
Q

humanist who reconstructed Freud’s view of human nature, choosing to emphasize the internal driving force for humans to satisfy basic needs for survival

A

Abraham Mazlow

49
Q

Abraham Mazlow hierarchy of needs

A

people are motivated to fulfill psychological needs and ultimately strive for self-actual inaction

50
Q

focused on how humans flourish and how positive outcomes can be achieved

A

positive psychology

51
Q

clinical psychology that uses different therapeutic techniques depending on their effectiveness for the situation

A

eclectic approach

52
Q

addresses why a psychological phenomenon occurs by appealing to its role in the process of evolution

A

ultimate explanation

53
Q

describes a direct cause of a psychological phenomenon

A

proximate explanation

54
Q

proximate explanation that identifies a specific problem as the cause of a psychological phenomenon

A

functional explanation

55
Q

proximate explanation that focus on how a specific mental or physical process explains a psychological phenomenon

A

process-oriented explanation

56
Q

evolutionary perspective, proposes that many mental process developed in response to natural selection to solve adaptive problems

A

evolutionary psychology

57
Q

attempt to flip the process of evolutionary psychology by first identifying adaptive problems humans would have had to solve, then proposing ways to test for mental processes that solve these problems

A

James Nairne

58
Q

a suite of behaviours we perform in response to environmental and emotional cues to reduce the likelihood of disease transmission

A

behavioural immune system

59
Q

set of beliefs, attitudes, behaviours, and customs shared by a specific group or community

A

culture

60
Q

studying issues related to culture and cultural identify, focusing that people are not defined by any single aspect of their identities (Kimberlé Crenshaw)

A

intersectional approach

PSYA01 (8 decks)

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