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Health Sciences, Midterm > Chapter 1: U.S. Health Care > Flashcards

Chapter 1: U.S. Health Care Flashcards

1
Q

Acute infectious disease

A

An illness with a sudden onset that has an intense but short effect on the body

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2
Q

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

A

Healthcare reform legislation signed into law by President Barack Obama in March 2010 with a goal of increasing access to health insurance while controlling healthcare costs.

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3
Q

American Academy of Family Physicians

A

Professional organization of primary care physicians who provide medical care for all ages. The academy supports family physicians through networking and continuing education and serves as an advocate through state and federal legislation.

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4
Q

American Hospital Association (AHA)

A

A national industry trade group that supports hospitals, healthcare systems, and health networks as well as the communities served.

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5
Q

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

A

Application of behavioral sciences in schools and clinics to improve behavioral problems and facilitate learning; part of treatment for the autism spectrum disorder.

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6
Q

artificial intelligence (AI)

A

The use of computers and technology to simulate intelligent behavior and critical thinking; one example of AI is predicting the spread of infectious diseases in a population.

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7
Q

autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

A

Group of developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges.

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8
Q

birth defects

A

Structural changes in organs or other body parts in infants at birth; surgery may be required to improve function. Common birth defects are structural changes of the heart.

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9
Q

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

A

Branch of the federal government that tracks the health of the nation and provides support to identify causes of epidemics and foodborne illnesses.

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10
Q

Medicare

A

Provides health care to the disabled and those over 65 years of age.

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11
Q

Medicaid

A

Healthcare program for low-income pregnant women, seniors at 100% and adults at 133% of the federal poverty level, and individuals with disabilities; jointly funded by federal and state governments.

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12
Q

CMS

A

Agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) that manages Medicare and Medicaid and strives to ensure effective, up-to-date healthcare coverage and to promote quality care for beneficiaries.

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13
Q

Chronic disease

A

A disease that is long in duration, reoccurs frequently, and progresses slowly.

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14
Q

Clinical care

A

Service provided to an individual, group, or community to benefit their health status.

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15
Q

Clinical preventative services

A

Guidelines for primary care providers to use in screening and counseling patients to prevent or reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer, and infectious disease.

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16
Q

Congenital malformation

A

A physical defect of an organ or body part that is present in the infant at birth.

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17
Q

COVID-19

A

One of a group of viruses that causes respiratory illness in animals and humans. Beginning in 2019 the virus resulted in a worldwide pandemic and many deaths.

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18
Q

Discrimination

A

Discrimination in health care refers to the marginalized– those of low income, racial and ethnic minorities, and those who identify as LGBTQ– who often experiences obstacles in obtaining health care.

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19
Q

Disparities

A

Wide differences in access to health care or quality of health care based on where one lives as well as income, educational level, race, ethnicity, gender expression, or sexual orientation.

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20
Q

Doulas

A

Individuals who provide emotional and physical support for women during pregnancy and childbirth and after the birth of the infant to promote the health and wellbeing of the mother and infant.

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21
Q

Ebola virus

A

Causes rare and deadly infection endemic to Africa; the largest Ebola epidemic in history occurred in West Africa in 2014.

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22
Q

Equality

A

Providing the same healthcare opportunities for everyone– for example, universal immunization for infants and children.

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23
Q

Equity

A

Removing obstacles to health care– for example, providing high quality care regardless of income and providing transportation or child care to remove obstacles for prenatal women.

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24
Q

Federal poverty level (FPL)

A

A measure of income level issued yearly by HHS used to determine eligibility for Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program, and the cost of premiums for health insurance purchased through Health Exchanges.

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25
Q

Foodborne illnesses

A

Illness caused by food contaminated with a microscopic organism (virus, bacteria, or fungus) or toxins released by these organisms; can be caused by improper storage temperatures or inadequate cooking temperatures. Symptoms are typically vomiting and diarrhea.

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26
Q

Globalization

A

Ease of access to travel and transportation of food products. Increases exposure to communicable diseases and foodborne illnesses and adds to challenges in tracking the origin of diseases or foodborne illnesses.

27
Q

Health information technology (health IT)

A

Broad concept that encompasses an array of technologies to record, store, retrieve, protect, share, and analyze health information.

28
Q

Health behaviors

A

Actions of individuals that can promote health such as eating a healthy diet and participating in regular physical activity. Also, actions that can increase the risk for disease– for example, eating a less healthy diet, having infrequent physical activity, smoking, excessive use of alcohol or illicit drugs, and risky sexual behavior.

29
Q

Health disparities

A

Differences in health outcomes (infant mortality or longevity) because of differences in race, ethnicity, immigration status, income, education, or employment.

30
Q

Health equity

A

When everyone has the same opportunity to be as healthy as possible because the obstacles (income, employment, education, gender expression, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, immigration status, age) that result in discrimination and lack of healthcare access are addressed.

31
Q

Health outcomes

A

Health status of an individual or community as a result of preventative public health programs or medical intervention.

32
Q

Human Genome Project

A

An international research project that sequenced and mapped all human genes and allows prediction of illness and adverse drug response.

33
Q

Hygiene

A

Personal behaviors that prevent the transmission of infectious disease by removing microorganisms that can cause infectious diseases of the skin, respiratory tract, or gastrointestinal tract. For example, frequent hand washing and bathing with soap and water.

34
Q

Immunizations

A

Public health measures to immunize by vaccination to prevent the spread of infectious diseases within a population. For example, the flu vaccine in adults and measles and mumps vaccines in children.

35
Q

Infant mortality

A

The number of death in children less than one year of age per 1,000 live births; reflects the quality of health care.

36
Q

Infectious disease

A

Illness caused by pathogenic viruses, fungi, or bacteria and transmitted by person-to-person contact or through a vector such as an infected mosquito.

37
Q

Life expectancy

A

Represents the average number of years of life that could be expected if current death rates were to remain constant; used as a gauge of the overall health of a population.

38
Q

Lifestyle

A

Behaviors that impact the incidence and development of disease– for example, diet, physical activity, sexual activity, and the use of alcohol, illegal drugs, and cigarettes.

39
Q

Longevity

A

The length of human life; longevity usually refers to living past the estimated life expectancy or the average age of death.

40
Q

Low birth weight

A

Infants weighing less than five pounds, eight ounces. More likely to occur in infants born before 37 weeks with complications requiring admission to a neonatal intensive care unit.

41
Q

Mortality

A

Causes and rates of death in a population; monitoring morality over time is used to develop policies to improve health outcomes.

42
Q

Medical technology

A

The procedures, equipment, and processes by which medical care is delivered.

43
Q

MRSA

A

A strain of the S. aureus bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics. In community settings, MRSA is usually confined to the skin; in medical facilities, MRSA causes life-threatening bloodstream and surgical site infections and pneumonia.

44
Q

National Institutes of Health (NIH)

A

Agency of the HHS that conducts research to discover causes and treatments for diseases.

45
Q

Opioid use disorder

A

A mental illness and brain disorder caused by addiction to drugs used to relieve pain such as morphine or synthetic opioids.

46
Q

Pandemic

A

When an infectious disease affects large numbers of people and spreads around the world. The COVID-19 virus increased in numbers in China (epidemic) but when the virus and illness caused by the virus spread around the world, causing many deaths, the outbreak was considered a pandemic.

47
Q

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

A

Refers to wearing face masks, gowns, and gloves in a healthcare setting to prevent the transmission of infectious disease.

48
Q

Preterm birth

A

Birth that occurs before 37 weeks gestation; can be caused by a lack of prenatal care, underlying disease in the mother or multiple births. Preterm infants often need additional support, including care in a neonatal intensive nursery because of immature organ systems.

49
Q

Sepsis

A

An inflammatory response to a serious and wide-spread infection; the response causes damage to organ systems and can cause shock and death.

50
Q

Social and economic factors

A

Factors that impact health outcomes are lack of access to stable housing, nutritious food, employment, education, personal safety, or personal and family support.

51
Q

Social determinants of health (SDOH)

A

The conditions under which people are born, live, work, and age. Lack of access to stable housing, nutritious food, employment, education, reliable transportation, and personal safety influences access to quality health care.

52
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

Sudden unexplained death in an infant younger than one year of age, usually between 1 and 4 months of age.

53
Q

Telehealth

A

Healthcare appointments delivered by the clinician through telecommunication technologies. Also, communicating appointment reminders, visit summaries, and laboratory and diagnostic results through an electronic record.

54
Q

Value-based care

A

Paying providers of health care based on the quality of care instead of the volume or number of patients treated or the number of treatment procedures.

55
Q

Viral gastreoenteritis

A

Infection of the digestive tract caused by a virus transmitted between individuals. The most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans is the norovirus with symptoms of vomiting and diarrhea.

56
Q

Universal vaccinnation

A

Public health program to prevent communicable diseases through vaccination programs of children, adolescents, and adults. Immunization programs for children have eliminated most childhood infectious diseases.

57
Q

World Health Organization (WHO)

A

Agency of the United Nations that directs and coordinates international health within the United Nations’ system.

58
Q

Zoonotic diseases

A

The spread of harmful microorganisms (virus, bacteria, parasites, fungi) between animals and people. An example is avian flu that is spread between birds or poultry and humans.

59
Q

What are causes of epidemics and mortality

A

Industrialization, crowded living conditions, and lack of sanitation

60
Q

What caused a decline in acute illnesses in the late 1900s?

A

improvements in sanitation and hygiene and food storage

61
Q

Why was the ACA created?

A

The rising healthcare costs and so that more Americans could have access to health insurance

62
Q

What are reasons for the rising healthcare costs?

A

Expensive medical technology and prescription drugs, reimbursement systems, inadequate preventative service, aging of the population, increased prevalence of chronic disease, and high administrative costs.

63
Q

Is home healthcare trending up or down?

A

Up

Health Sciences, Midterm (23 decks)

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