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AP Geography > Chapter 1- Thinking Geographically > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Thinking Geographically Flashcards

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0
Q

Geography

A

Geo- Earth

Graphy- writing

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1
Q

Human Geography

A

The study of where and why human activities are located where they are.
Ex’s: Religions, businesses and cities

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2
Q

Map

A

A two-dimensional or flat scale model of Earth’s surface, or a portion of it.

  1. A tool for storing reference material
  2. A tool for communicating Geographic information
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3
Q

Place

A

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic.

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4
Q

Region

A

An area of Earth distinguished by a distinct combination of cultural and physical features.

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5
Q

Scale

A

The relationship between the portion of the Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole.

  1. Fraction
  2. Written
  3. Graphic
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6
Q

Space

A

The physical gap or interval between two objects.

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7
Q

Connections

A

Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.

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8
Q

Cartography

A

The science of map making

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9
Q

Four types of projection distortion

A
  1. Shape- More elongated or squat than in reality
  2. Distance- Area between two points may become increased or decreased
  3. Relative Size- Areas may appear larger or smaller than in reality
  4. Direction- From one place to another may be distorted
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10
Q

Land Ordinance of 1785

A

An indicator of locations which divided much of the US into a system of townships (square 6 miles on each side which are then divided up into 36 sections) and ranges to manage land sales to Western settlers.

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11
Q

GIS

A

Geographic Information System:
A computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze and display geographic information.
-Information in layers (shows relationships)
Ex: impact of farming on water pollution
-Easier and more accurate than hand drawn maps

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12
Q

Remote Sensing

A

The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or other long distance methods.

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13
Q

Robinson Projection

A
  • Useful for displaying information across the oceans

- Land areas are smaller than on interrupted maps of the same size

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14
Q

Mercator Projection

A
  • Shape is distorted very little
  • Direction is consistent
  • size distorted by the poles making high latitude places (like Greenland) look much larger than they actually are.
  • Rectangular
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15
Q

GPS

A 
Global Positioning System:
A system that accurately determines the precise location of something on Earth.
-Navigation of aircrafts and ships
-Directions for pedestrians and drivers
-Info can be entered into a GIS
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16
Q

Toponym

A

The name given to a place on Earth
-People
-Physical features
Historical events

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17
Q

Site

A 
The physical character of a place
-Climate
-Water sources
-Topography
-Soil
-Vegetation
-Latitude
-Elevation
Note: People have the ability to modify the characteristics of a site
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18
Q

Situation

A

The location of a place relative to other places

  1. Helps people find unfamiliar places
  2. Allows for people to understand its importance
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19
Q

Meridian

A

An arc drawn between the North and South Poles

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20
Q

Parallel

A

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.

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21
Q

Longitude

A

The location of each meridian according to a numbering system

22
Q

Prime Meridian

A

Greenwich, England 0 degrees

23
Q

Latitude

A

The numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel.

24
Q

GMT

A

Greenwich Mean Time:

The master reference time for all points on Earth

25
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation.

26
Q

Formal Region

A 
Formal/Homogeneous Region:
An area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
-Cultural: common language
-Economic: production of a certain crop
-Environmental: climate
EX: MONTANA
-Govt.
-Recognized boundaries
27
Q

Functional Region

A 
Nodal Region:
An area organized around a node or focal point.
-Diminishes in importance outward
-Economic
EX: newspaper circulation in a city
28
Q

Vernacular Region

A

Perceptual Region:
A place people believes exists as part of their cultural identity.
EX: the south

29
Q

Culture

A 
The body of customary beliefs, maternal traits and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.
Latin root: to care for
•what people care about
Beliefs, values, religion
VS
•what people take care of
Material wealth, MDCs vs LDCs
30
Q

Cultural Ecology

A

The geographic study of human-environment relationships

31
Q

Environmental Determinalism

A

Physical environment caused social development.

32
Q

Possibilism

A

The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.
EX: Greenhouses can be used to grow food in desert locations

33
Q

Resources

A

Substances that are useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access and socially acceptable to use.

34
Q

Climate

A 
The long-term average weather condition at a particular location.
Köppen system:
A tropical climates
B dry climates
C warm mid-lat
D cold mid lat
E polar climate
35
Q

Local VS Global Scale

A

Local- unique features

Global- broad patterns

36
Q

Globalization

A

The process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.

37
Q

Transnational Corporation

A

A corporation which conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries.

38
Q

Distribution

A

The arrangement of a feature in space.

  • Density
  • Concentration
  • Pattern
39
Q

Density

A

The frequency with which something occurs in space

40
Q

Arithmetic density

A

Total number of objects in an area- used to compare distribution of population in different countries.

41
Q

Physiological Density

A

The number of people per unit of area suitable for agriculture

42
Q

Agricultural Density

A

The number of farmers per unit area of farmland

43
Q

Concentration

A

The extent of a features spread over space is its concentration.
Clustered VS Dispersed

44
Q

Pattern

A

The geometric arrangement of objects in space.
•Linear distribution
•Grid Pattern

45
Q

Space-Time-Compression

A

A description of the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.
•Distant areas seem less remote because of accessible information

46
Q

Diffusion

A

The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time.

47
Q

Hearth

A

The place from which an innovation originates

48
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.
EX: Pilgrims being taught to survive by Native Americans

49
Q

Expansion Diffusion

A

The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.

50
Q

Hierarchical Diffusion

A

EXPANSION DIFFUSION

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.

51
Q

Contagious Diffusion

A

EXPANSION DIFFUSION
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
EX: The internet

52
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

The spread of an underlying principle, even though the characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.
EX: Apple products fail in India, yet a new touch screen smart phone succeeds.

53
Q

Uneven Development

A

The increasing gap in economic conditions between regions between the core (MDCs) and the periphery (LDCs) that results from the globalization of the economy.

AP Geography (13 decks)

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