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BIOSCI > Chapter 1: The Human Organism > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, e parts of the body

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

Two basic approaches to the study of anatomy

A

Systemic anatomy

Regional anatomy

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4
Q

Study of the body systems

A

Systemic anatomy

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5
Q

Study of organization of the body by areas

A

Regional anatomy

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6
Q

Two general ways to examine internal structures

A

Surface anatomy

Anatomical imaging

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7
Q

Study of external features

A

Surface anatomy

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8
Q

Serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures

A

Bony projections

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9
Q

Involves the use of x-Rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures

A

Anatomical imaging

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10
Q

Scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things

A

Physiology

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11
Q

Major goals of physiology

A
  1. Understand and predicts the body’s responses to stimuli
  2. Understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environments
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12
Q

Study of specific organism

A

Human physiology

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13
Q

Subdivisions that emphasize specific organization levels

A

Cellular physiology and systemic physiology

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14
Q

Six levels of organization of the body

A 
Chemical level
Cell level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ system level
Organism level
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15
Q

Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon interact and combine into molecules

A

Chemical level

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16
Q

Basic structural and functional units of organisms

A

Cells

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17
Q

Molecules combine to form

A

Organelles

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18
Q

Small structures that make up some cells

A

Organelles

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19
Q

Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

A

Tissue

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20
Q

Group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function

A

Organ system

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21
Q

atoms ( colored balls) combine to form molecules

A

Chemical level

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22
Q

Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells

A

Cell level

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23
Q

Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues

A

Tissue level

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24
Q

Different tissue combine to form organs such as the urinary bladder

A

Organ level

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25
Q

Organs, such as the urinary bladder and kidneys, make up an organ system

A

Organ system level

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26
Q

Organ systems make up an organism

A

Organism level

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27
Q

Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium or trillions of cells as a human

A

Organism

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28
Q

Complex organ systems that are mutually dependent on one another

A

Human organism

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29
Q

Six characteristics of life

A 
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
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30
Q

Specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions

A

Organization

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31
Q

Ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement and reproduction

A

Metabolism

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32
Q

Ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments that help maintain its life

A

Responsiveness

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33
Q

Refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism

A

Growth

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34
Q

Result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells

A

Growth

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35
Q

Changes an organism undergoes through time

A

Development

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36
Q

Begins with fertilization and ends at death

A

Development

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37
Q

Formation of new cells or new organisms

A

Reproduction

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38
Q

Existence and maintenance of relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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39
Q

Values can change

A

Variables

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40
Q

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D

A

Integumentary system

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41
Q

Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

A

Integumentary system

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42
Q

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue.

A

Skeletal system

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43
Q

Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

A

Skeletal system

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44
Q

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat

A

Muscular system

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45
Q

Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons

A

Muscular system

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46
Q

Major regulatory system that detects sensations and control movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions

A

Nervous system

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47
Q

Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

A

Nervous system

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48
Q

Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions

A

Endocrine system

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49
Q

Consists of glands, such as pituitary, that secrete hormones

A

Endocrine system

50
Q

Transport nutrients, waste products, gas, and hormones throughout the body

A

Cardiovascular system

51
Q

Plays an important role in the immune response and regulation of the body temperature

A

Cardiovascular system

52
Q

Consist of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

A

Cardiovascular system

53
Q

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract

A

Lymphatic system

54
Q

Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs

A

Lymphatic system

55
Q

Study of structure and function of the human body

A

Human anatomy and physiology

56
Q

Enhances oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood ph

A

Respiratory system

57
Q

Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages

A

Respiratory system

58
Q

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes

A

Digestive system

59
Q

Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

A

Digestive system

60
Q

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood ph, ion balance, and water balance

A

Urinary system

61
Q

Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine

A

Urinary system

62
Q

Produce locates and is the site of fertilization and fetal development

A

Female reproductive system

63
Q

Produces milk for the new born

A

Female reproductive system

64
Q

Produces hormone that influence sexual function and behaviors

A

Female reproductive system

65
Q

Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated factors

A

Female reproductive system

66
Q

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors

A

Male reproductive system

67
Q

Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

A

Male reproductive system

68
Q

Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts and penis

A

Male reproductive system

69
Q

Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

A

Negative-feedback mechanisms

70
Q

3 components of negative feedback

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

71
Q

Monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature

A

Receptor

72
Q

Part of the brain, establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained

A

Control center

73
Q

Change the value of the variable

A

Effector

74
Q

Initiates a homeostatic mechanism

A

Stimulus

75
Q

Changed variable

A

Stimulis

76
Q

Occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response

A

Positive-feedback mechanisms

77
Q

Person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward

A

Anatomical position

78
Q

Face upward

A

Supine

79
Q

Face downward

A

Prone

80
Q

Up

A

Superior

81
Q

Down

A

Inferior

82
Q

Front

A

Anterior

83
Q

Back

A

Posterior

84
Q

Means belly

A

Ventral

85
Q

Back

A

Dorsal

86
Q

Nearest

A

Proximal

87
Q

Distant

A

Distal

88
Q

Midline

A

Medial

89
Q

Away from the midline

A

Lsteral

90
Q

Refers to a structure close to the surface of the body

A

Superficial

91
Q

Toward the interior of the body

A

Deep

92
Q

Central region of the body consists

A

Head, neck, and trunk

93
Q

Trunk can be divided into

A

Thorax

Abdomen

94
Q

Inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips

A

Pelvis

95
Q

Upper limb is divided into

A

Arm
Forearm
Wrist
Hand

96
Q

Extends from the shoulder to the elbow

A

Arm

97
Q

Extends from the elbow to the wrist

A

Forearm

98
Q

Lower limb is divided into

A

Thigh
Leg
Ankle
Foot

99
Q

Extends from the hip to the knee

A

Thigh

100
Q

Extends from the knee to the ankle

A

Leg

101
Q

Runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts

A

Sagittal plane

102
Q

Flight of an arrow passing anteriorly and posteriorly

A

Sagittal

103
Q

Sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves

A

Median plane

104
Q

Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

A

Frontal plane

105
Q

Cut through the long axis of the organ

A

Longitudinal section

106
Q

Cut at a right angle to the long axis

A

Transverse section

107
Q

Cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle

A

Oblique section

108
Q

Partition containing the heart, the thymus, trachea, esophagus, and other structures

A

Mediatinum

109
Q

Bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and the kidneys

A

Abdominal cavity

110
Q

Small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs

A

Pelvic activity

111
Q

Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities

A

Serous membranes

112
Q

Inner ballon wall in contact with your fist

A

Visceral serous membrane

113
Q

Outer part of the ballon

A

Parietal serous membrane

114
Q

Surrounds the heart

A

Pericardial activity

115
Q

Covers the heart

A

Visceral pericardium

116
Q

Contains pericardial fluid, located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

A

Pericardial activity

117
Q

Surrounds each lung

A

Pleural cavity

118
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane lines cavity

A

Peritoneal cavity

119
Q

Covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Visceral pericardium

120
Q

Inflammation of the perocardium

A

Pericarditis

121
Q

Inflammation of the pleura

A

Pleurisy

122
Q

Inflammation of the peritonium

A

Peritonitis

BIOSCI (8 decks)

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