Chapter 1: The Human Organism Flashcards
Scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
Anatomy
Means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, e parts of the body
Anatomy
Two basic approaches to the study of anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Regional anatomy
Study of the body systems
Systemic anatomy
Study of organization of the body by areas
Regional anatomy
Two general ways to examine internal structures
Surface anatomy
Anatomical imaging
Study of external features
Surface anatomy
Serve as landmarks for locating deeper structures
Bony projections
Involves the use of x-Rays, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
Anatomical imaging
Scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things
Physiology
Major goals of physiology
- Understand and predicts the body’s responses to stimuli
- Understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in the presence of continually changing internal and external environments
Study of specific organism
Human physiology
Subdivisions that emphasize specific organization levels
Cellular physiology and systemic physiology
Six levels of organization of the body
Chemical level Cell level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level
Involves how atoms, such as hydrogen and carbon interact and combine into molecules
Chemical level
Basic structural and functional units of organisms
Cells
Molecules combine to form
Organelles
Small structures that make up some cells
Organelles
Group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
Tissue
Group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function
Organ system
atoms ( colored balls) combine to form molecules
Chemical level
Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells
Cell level
Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
Tissue level
Different tissue combine to form organs such as the urinary bladder
Organ level
Organs, such as the urinary bladder and kidneys, make up an organ system
Organ system level
Organ systems make up an organism
Organism level
Any living thing considered as a whole, whether composed of one cell, such as bacterium or trillions of cells as a human
Organism
Complex organ systems that are mutually dependent on one another
Human organism
Six characteristics of life
Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Development Reproduction
Specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions
Organization
Ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement and reproduction
Metabolism
Ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments that help maintain its life
Responsiveness
Refers to an increase in size of all or part of the organism
Growth
Result from an increase in cell number, cell size, or the amount of substance surrounding cells
Growth
Changes an organism undergoes through time
Development
Begins with fertilization and ends at death
Development
Formation of new cells or new organisms
Reproduction
Existence and maintenance of relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment
Homeostasis
Values can change
Variables
Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D
Integumentary system
Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
Integumentary system
Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue.
Skeletal system
Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
Skeletal system
Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
Muscular system
Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons
Muscular system
Major regulatory system that detects sensations and control movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions
Nervous system
Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors
Nervous system
Major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
Endocrine system
Consists of glands, such as pituitary, that secrete hormones
Endocrine system
Transport nutrients, waste products, gas, and hormones throughout the body
Cardiovascular system
Plays an important role in the immune response and regulation of the body temperature
Cardiovascular system
Consist of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
Cardiovascular system
Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
Lymphatic system
Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
Lymphatic system
Study of structure and function of the human body
Human anatomy and physiology
Enhances oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood ph
Respiratory system
Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages
Respiratory system
Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
Digestive system
Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
Digestive system
Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood ph, ion balance, and water balance
Urinary system
Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine
Urinary system
Produce locates and is the site of fertilization and fetal development
Female reproductive system
Produces milk for the new born
Female reproductive system
Produces hormone that influence sexual function and behaviors
Female reproductive system
Consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated factors
Female reproductive system
Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors
Male reproductive system
Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis
Male reproductive system
Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts and penis
Male reproductive system
Any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
Negative-feedback mechanisms
3 components of negative feedback
Receptor
Control center
Effector
Monitors the value of a variable, such as body temperature
Receptor
Part of the brain, establishes the set point around which the variable is maintained
Control center
Change the value of the variable
Effector
Initiates a homeostatic mechanism
Stimulus
Changed variable
Stimulis
Occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response
Positive-feedback mechanisms
Person standing erect with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
Anatomical position
Face upward
Supine
Face downward
Prone
Up
Superior
Down
Inferior
Front
Anterior
Back
Posterior
Means belly
Ventral
Back
Dorsal
Nearest
Proximal
Distant
Distal
Midline
Medial
Away from the midline
Lsteral
Refers to a structure close to the surface of the body
Superficial
Toward the interior of the body
Deep
Central region of the body consists
Head, neck, and trunk
Trunk can be divided into
Thorax
Abdomen
Inferior end of the trunk associated with the hips
Pelvis
Upper limb is divided into
Arm
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
Extends from the shoulder to the elbow
Arm
Extends from the elbow to the wrist
Forearm
Lower limb is divided into
Thigh
Leg
Ankle
Foot
Extends from the hip to the knee
Thigh
Extends from the knee to the ankle
Leg
Runs vertically through the body and separates it into right and left parts
Sagittal plane
Flight of an arrow passing anteriorly and posteriorly
Sagittal
Sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves
Median plane
Runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Frontal plane
Cut through the long axis of the organ
Longitudinal section
Cut at a right angle to the long axis
Transverse section
Cut is made across the long axis at other than a right angle
Oblique section
Partition containing the heart, the thymus, trachea, esophagus, and other structures
Mediatinum
Bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and the kidneys
Abdominal cavity
Small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs
Pelvic activity
Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities
Serous membranes
Inner ballon wall in contact with your fist
Visceral serous membrane
Outer part of the ballon
Parietal serous membrane
Surrounds the heart
Pericardial activity
Covers the heart
Visceral pericardium
Contains pericardial fluid, located between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium
Pericardial activity
Surrounds each lung
Pleural cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity contains a serous membrane lines cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Covers many of the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
Visceral pericardium
Inflammation of the perocardium
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the peritonium
Peritonitis
