Chapter 1 - The History Of Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific approach

A

-System of gathering data so bias and error measurement are reduced.

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2
Q

Psychology’s goals

A
  • Description: What’s happening?
  • Explanation: Why it’s happening?
  • Prediction: When will it happen again?
  • Control: How can it be changed?
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3
Q

Scientific approach (steps)

A
  • Step 1. Perceive the question.
  • Step 2. Form a hypothesis; Tentative explanation of phenomenon based on observation.
  • Step 3. Test the hypothesis.
  • Step 4. Draw conclusion.
  • Step 5. Report your results; other could replicate study or experiment to see whether same results will be obtained to demonstrate reliability of results.
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4
Q

Naturalistic observation

A
  • Watching animals or humans behave in normal environment.
  • Major advantage: Realist picture of behavior.
  • Disadvantage: Observer effect, observer bias, each naturalistic setting is unique, and observations may not hold.
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5
Q

Laboratory observation

A
  • watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting.
  • Advantages - control over environment, allows use of specialized equipment.
  • Disadvantage - artificial situation may result in artificial behavior. (description methods* lead to formation of testable hypotheses)
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6
Q

Case studies

A
  • study of one individual in great detail.
  • Advantage: tremendous amount of detail.
  • Disadvantage: cannot apply to others.
  • Ex: Famous case study - Phineas Gage
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7
Q

Surveys

A
  • Researchers ask a series of questions about topic under study.
  • Given to representative sample of population.
  • Population: entire group of people or animals in which researchers is interested.
  • Advantages: data from large #’s of people; study convert behaviors.
  • Disadvantage: must ensure representative sample or results not meaningful: Courtesy bias.
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8
Q

Correlation

A
  • Measure of relationship between two variables (anything that can change or vary) in mathematical formula and produce a correlation coefficient.
  • knowing value of one allows researchers to predict value of another.
    1. Direction of relationship
    1. Strength of relationship
  • Correlation coefficient ranges from -1.00 to +1.00 -closer to -1.00 or +1.00, Stronger the relationship between two variables.
  • No correlation = 0.0
  • Perfect correlation = -1.00 or + 1.00
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9
Q

Positive correlation

A
  • Variables are related in the same direction
  • As one increases, other increases
  • As one decreases, other decreases.
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10
Q

Negative correlation

A
  • Variables are related in opposite direction.
  • One increases, other decreases.

Correlation does not prove causation!!

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11
Q

Experiment

A
  • Deliberate manipulation of variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing determination of cause-and-effect relationships.
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12
Q

Operationalization

A
  • Specific definition of variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured.
  • Ex. Def. of aggressive play.
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13
Q

Independent Variable (IV)

A
  • In experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter.
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14
Q

Dependent variable (DV)

A
  • In experiment that represents measurable response or behavior of subjects in experiment.
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15
Q

Experimental group

A
  • Subjects in experiment who are subjected to independent variable.
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16
Q

Control group

A

-Subjects who are not subjected to independent variables and may receive placebo treatment.

17
Q

Random assignment

A
  • Process of assigning subjects to experimental or control groups randomly.
18
Q

Placebo

A
  • Phenomenon where the expectation of participants can influence their behavior.
19
Q

Experimenter effect

A
  • Experimenters expectations for study to unintentionally influence results.
20
Q

Single-Blind study

A
  • Subjects don’t know whether they’re in experiment or control group.
  • Reduces placebo effect.
21
Q

Double-Blind

A
  • Neither experimenter not the subjects know who are in what group.
  • Reduces placebo effect and experimenter effect.
22
Q

Institutional review boards

A

-groups of psychologists or other professionals look over research study and judge it according to its safety and consideration for the participants in study.

23
Q

Common Ethical Guidelines

A
  • Rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against study’s value to science.
  • Participants must be allowed to make informed decisions.
  • Deception must be justified
  • May withdraw from study, any time.
  • Must be protected from risks or told of risks.
  • Investigators must full debrief participants.
  • data must remain confidential.
  • If study results in undesirable consequences, researchers responsible for detecting/removing/correcting.
24
Q

Four Basic Criteria

A
    1. There are very few “truths” that don’t need to be subjected to testing.
    1. All evidence isn’t equal in quality.
    1. Authority or lots of expertise doesn’t make everything they claim true.
    1. Critical thinking requires open mind.
25
Q

Hypothesis

A

-Tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observation.

26
Q

Replicate

A
  • In research, relegating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results.
27
Q

Observer effect

A

-Tendency if people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed.

27
Q

Participate observation

A
  • A naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed.
27
Q

Observer bias

A
  • Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.
27
Q

Representative Sample

A
  • Randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects.
27
Q

Population

A
  • The entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested.
27
Q

Correlation coefficient

A
  • Number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables; number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation.