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Secondary 3 history > Chapter 1: The First Occupants > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The First Occupants Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do many experts believe that the first occupants travelled from?

A

They believe they travelled from the steppes of Asia

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2
Q

What is a Steppe?

A

A steppe is a great grassy plain without trees

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3
Q

About how long ago did sheets of ice covered Northern Europe and the Americas? How thick was the ice? What is this phenomenon called?

A

1-About 30,000 years ago
2-The ice was 2-3 km thick
3-This is called the Ice Age

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4
Q

What did the Ice Age do? What did it allow nomadic hunters to do?

A

1-The Ice Age lowered the ocean level by 100 meters

2-It allowed hunters to cross from Asia to America

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5
Q

What is the Bering Strait? What did it used to be before the Ice Age?

A

A large body of water separating Siberia and Alaska.

It used to be the land bridge of Beringia

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6
Q

10,000 years ago what made the trip from Asia to America impossible?

A

Rising ocean levels

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7
Q

How long ago did the first occupants reach the St-Lawrence Valley?

A

about 10,000 years ago

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8
Q

What are the 3 theories of how the first occupants travelled from Asia?

A

1- Travelled by the sea following the Aleutian islands
2-People from Oceania crossed the Pacific ocean with boats
3-Europeens crosses the Altlantic from island to island

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9
Q

How long ago did the Inuits arrive in America?

A

5,500 years ago?

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10
Q

How to the Inuits arrive to America?

A

The crossed the Bering Straight by Kayaks the were made from seal pelt

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11
Q

How long ago was the first wave of migration towards America?

A

20,000 years ago

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12
Q

Who occupies the Northeastern Appalachians of America?

A

The Iroquoian and the Algonquian

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13
Q

What are the alternative historical sources that are

available ?

A

Artifacts
Written Accounts by Europeans
The Lifestyle, culture and traditions passed down by descendants

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14
Q

What is an artifact?

A

an object produced by human craftsmanship

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15
Q

In the 1500’s how many Iroquoian nations were there?

A

9

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16
Q

Where did the Iroquoian nations live? Why did they live there?

A

They live along the fertile lowlands of the St-Lawrence River. They lived there because of the climate and the river, the land was ideal for agriculture

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17
Q

What is estimated population of Iroquois? How many are there in Quebec?

A

100,000

There were about 5,000 in quebec

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18
Q

How many people did Iroquoian villages have?

A

They had from 50 to 1,500

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19
Q

How many people did Huron communities have?

A

About 2000

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20
Q

How many families shared a longhouse?

A

from 5 to 10 families

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21
Q

What are the traditionally cultivated plants known as The 3 Sisters?

A

Corn, Beans and Squash

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22
Q

What is the traditional diet of an Iroquoian?

A
  • Fresh Fish
  • Game & Wild
  • Cultivated Produce
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23
Q

When and why would Iroquois relocate their villages?

A
  • Every 10 to 15 years
  • The houses would deteriorate, if the distance of firewood was too far
  • If the nutrients in the Soil were depleted
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24
Q

What were men responsible for in Iroquoian communities?

A

They were responsible for clearing the land, hunting, fishing, constructing homes, trading with other nations and defence.

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25
Q

What were women responsible for in Iroquoian communities?

A

They were responsible for cultivating the soil, hunting small game, bringing in the harvest, and caring for the welfare of the children and the family

26
Q

What the society like in Iroquoian villages?

A

It was matrilineal

27
Q

What is a Matrilineal society?

A

Family ties, communication with the clans and worldly goods were passed down from mother to daughter. Each longhouse began with the eldest woman of the mother clan.

28
Q

How many chiefs does each Iroquoian political structure have? What are they?

A

2

The warrior chief and the band council chief

29
Q

What does the band council chief/civil chief do?

A

He is responsible for village affairs and relationships between other nations. He participates in the council meetings. He is chosen by the mother of the clan.

30
Q

What does the council represent?

A

The council represents the village at council meetings

31
Q

What does the warrior chief do?

A

The warrior chic represents the village at The Council of Nations. He maintains relationships with other nations and determines strategies in case of war

32
Q

When do Iroquois trade?

A

when the harvest was plentiful and surpassed immediate needs

33
Q

Who was the Iroquois strongest commercial partner?

A

The Huron

34
Q

What did they exchange for corn and tobacco?

A

Meat, skins, furs and agricultural products

35
Q

How did the Iroquois become semi-sedentary?

A 
They found the St-Lawrence Valley
The land was fertile
They started agriculture and became farmers
They became semi-sendentary
And they created villages
36
Q

What territory did the Algonquians occupy?

A

The Canadian Shield and the Appalachians

37
Q

How many Algonquians were there? How many in quebec?

A

There were about 70,000 with 20,000 living in Quebec

38
Q

Where did the Algonquians live? Why were they nomadic?

A

They lived in dense boreal forests because their land wasn’t as fertile as the Iroquois

39
Q

How did the Algonquians survive?

A

They survived on hunting, trapping, fishing and harvesting wild foodstuff

40
Q

How did the Algonquians navigate across rivers and lakes?

A

By birch bark canoes

41
Q

Where would the Algonquians move to in the fall?

A

They moved to their favourite hunting ground to set up camp for the winter

42
Q

What do the Algonquians do when spring arrives?

A

They meet up with people with common ancestors and spend the summer together

43
Q

What does summer mean for the algonquians mean?

A

Its a time for celebrations and weddings

44
Q

What is the algonquian society based on? What does this mean?

A

A patrilineal society

This means that the family line possessions were passed down from father to son

45
Q

What are the responsibilities for men in Algonquian groups?

A

Hunting, fishing to feed their families and defending them. Making canoes and snowshoes
Trading and Making tents

46
Q

What are the responsibilities for women in Algonquian groups?

A 
Harvesting
housework
collecting wood
making fires
preparing pelts
making clothes and tent covers
47
Q

Do Algonquians have a political structure?

A

no

48
Q

What doesn’t exist in the circle of life?

A

Notions of superiority and inferiority

49
Q

What do Amerindians recognize? What do they try to do?

A

The freedom of animals and vegetation

They try not to unbalance or diminish nature and take only what is needed and are grateful for it

50
Q

What do Algonquian hunters do in a situation where they have to kill an animal?

A

They warn it thats its going to be killed and that its necessary for their survival. After its killed there is no waste.

51
Q

What was impossible?Why?

A

The accumulation of riches by any individual

Because the notion of private property was unknown

52
Q

What is a notion of the circle of life?

A

The practice of gift giving

53
Q

What is the fundamental rule of social relationships?

A

giving

54
Q

Is giving voluntary or compulsory?

A

voluntary

55
Q

When someone receives a grift must they give one in return?

A

yes

56
Q

Is there a hierarchal structure for Amerindians?

A

no. No individual is subordinate to another.

57
Q

How do Amerindians see women?

A

They see women as the force of reason, responsible for educating, children and answering the needs of the group, to understand life and its laws.

58
Q

How did amerindians raise their children?

A

with patience and constraint

59
Q

What are the personal qualities amerindians search for in their chiefs

A

intelligence
influence
generosity
hunting and fishing skills

60
Q

What did amerindians practice?

A

an animistic religion; they believed that each element of the earth has a spirit

Secondary 3 history (6 decks)

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