Chapter 1: The Culturally Competent Counselor Flashcards
Counseling that integrates cultural identities and takes into account their influence on the counseling relationship, process, and outcome
Multicultural counseling
Shared values, practice, social norms, and worldview associated with a particular cultural group
Culture
Changes in behavior, cognitions, values, language, cultural activities, personal relational styles, and beliefs that a cultural minority group undergoes as it encounters the dominant culture
Acculturation
The socialization process through which individuals learn and acquire the cultural and psychological qualities of their own group
Enculturation
Commonalities shared by all cultures and, in fact, all humankind
Universal culture
Characteristics shared by a cultural group or subgroup
Group culture
Those behaviors, attitudes, and cognitions which are unique to specific individuals; may be outside the norms of the group to which the individuals belong
Individual culture
The narrow and rigid view of the world and other cultural groups that ensues when one uses one’s own cultural group as a reference and standard of normality
Ethnocentricism/cultural encapsulation
The degree to which individuals identity themselves as belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories
Cultural identity
The intrapersonal and interpersonal process in which individuals engage in order to build a clearer and more complex cultural identity in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and other areas
Cultural identity development
A mental or physical impairment that affects at least one of an individual’s daily activities
Disability
Discriminations that individuals with disabilities often face
Ableism
Shared characteristics of culture, religion, and language, to name a few, with which a group may identify
Ethnicity
One’s nation of origin; common component of ethnicity
Nationality
Focuses on the universal qualities common to all cultures and on aspects of counseling that are generalizable across cultures; limitation is the failure to account for legitimate cultural variations
Etic perspective
Involves viewing each client as an individual and evaluating the client by using norms from within the client’s culture; recommended by the majority of multicultural counseling literature
Emic perspective
The biological distinctions between males and females
Sex
The expression of social categories that describe behaviors deemed appropriate by a particular culture for males and females
Gender
Social categories related to gender
Gender roles
Normative expressions of stereotypical and socially accepted behaviors for males
Masculinity
Normative expressions of stereotypical and social accepted behaviors for females
Femininity
The blending of masculinity and femininity
Androgyny
Clusters of particular age groups within a particular social and historical context
Generational status
The notion that our behaviors and attitudes are guided by incentives that promote self-determination or independence
Individualism
The idea that decisions, and thus what is deemed important, are based on the betterment of others; values might include cooperation, “saving face,” and interdependence
Collectivism
The often unconscious and unearned power, access to resources, advantage, and social position based on cultural group memberships
Privilege
Lack of power, inaccessibility of resources, disadvantage, and minority social status
Oppression
Arbitrary, socially constructed classification of individuals; often based on physical distinction such as skin color, hair texture, facial form, and shape of the eye
Race/racial group membership
Sexual or affectional attraction to the same or opposite gender
Sexual orientation
The degree of identification with a particular sexual orientation
Sexual identity
The promotion of an idea, policy, or cause that betters the lives of those who experience oppression
Social advocacy
The realization of a just and equitable world for all individuals
Social justice
Typically indicated by household income, education level, occupational status, use of public assistance, and access to health care
Socioeconomic status (SES)
The connections individuals have with themselves and the universe as a whole; provides direction, meaning, and purpose, and guides other aspects of cultural identity so that individuals can promote optimal mental functioning
Spirituality
An organizing construct of spirituality; consists of the behaviors and practices of individuals’ faith
Religion
Individuals’ conceptualization of his or her relationship with the world
Worldview
The system that individuals believe is accountable for things that happen to them
Locus of responsibility
Represents the degree of control that individuals perceive they have over their environment
Locus of control
One way to deepen the level of understanding shared by a counselor and client; rich in cultural meaning and may be related to religious teachings or cultural values
Metaphors
Use of personal physical distance
Proxemics
Body movements, positions, and postures
Kinesics
Verbal cues other than words
Paralanguage
The premature holding of a belief or attitude without appropriate examination or consideration of actual data
Prejudice
Covert and overt behaviors based on prejudices held about individuals because of their cultural group memberships
Discrimination
Process by which foreign-born individuals settle in a new country
Immigration
A process in which individuals identify with both their own culture and that of the host culture
Biculturalism
