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Nutrition - Vic > Chapter 1 - Small Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Small Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What does nutrient mean?

A

something essential that a plant or animal obtains from the environment for growth and maintenance of life

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2
Q

Nutrients are?

A

chemicals but rarely used because it implies that something is artificial

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of nutrients?

A

protein, carbohydrate, and fat

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4
Q

Protein, fat, and carbohydrate are what?

A

nutrients that supply energy

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5
Q

What are the six classes of nutrients that are important for life substenance?

A

Water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins

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6
Q

What is the most important nutrient?

A

water

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7
Q

What percent of animal body weight is water?

A

50% to 70%

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8
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

used by body for energy production (protein, fat and carbohydrates)

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9
Q

Proteins are?

A
  • large molecules made up of chains of smaller compounds called amino acids
  • used as structural components of organs and tissues
  • functions as enzymes, hormones, and are carriers of other molecules
  • lost from body through breakdown (catabolism), metabolic processes, skin and hair loss, and waste products
  • need to consume regularly to make up for losses
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10
Q

Proteins consists of?

A

essential fatty acids and nonessential fatty acids

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11
Q

True or False

Protein is not stored in the body and is an important part of the daily diet.

A

True

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12
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

have many functions but do not provide energy (vitamins and minerals along with certain supplements found in pet foods)

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13
Q

What is water needed for in the body?

A
  • to carry nutrients through the blood supply
  • chemical reactions
  • temperature regulation
  • provides shape and structure to organs
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14
Q

What is dehydration?

A

a decrease in amount of water present in the body

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15
Q

Water requirements differ in dogs and cats, but what is the rule of thumb for daily minimum water requirements?

A

milliliters of water per day is equivalent to kilocalories per day

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16
Q

hemoglobin is?

A

a protein that transports oxygen to tissues - a source of energy

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17
Q

What is dietary protein (DP)?

A

digested in the stomach and intestines to smaller compounds such as amino acids and peptides - then absorbed from intestines into the bloodstream
- some DP are excreted in feces

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18
Q

What is highly digestible means?

A

most of amino acids are absorbed

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19
Q

What is low digestibility?

A

means that a larger proportion of dietary protein is excreted not absorbed

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20
Q

Fats are?

A
  • Lipids (consists of fats and oils)
  • simple and complex molecules with many functions
  • synthesized in the body from building blocks
  • must be provided by diet (called essential fatty acids)
  • provide and store energy
  • make up cell membrane structure
  • act as signaling agents and hormones
  • form important compounds such as cholesterol
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21
Q

A basic neutral fat consists of ?

A

a chain of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached ( a triglyceride)

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22
Q

Fatty acids are classified in several ways?

A
  • short, medium and long

- saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

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23
Q

What are the essential fatty acids for both dogs and cats

A

dogs - linolenic acid and alpha-linolenic

cats - linolenic acid and alpha-linolenic and arachidonic acid (dogs can synthesize this from other fatty acids)

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24
Q

Fats are found in ?

A

most types of food including animal tissue (meats, fish) and plants (vegetable oil)

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25
Q

How are fats digested?

A

starts in stomach and intestines to smaller compounds including individual fatty acids and monglycerides. Then compounds are absorbed into intestinal cells - then repackaged into structures called chylomicrons

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26
Q

What does chylomicrons contain?

A

triglycerides, lipoproteins, cholestrerol and other compounds

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27
Q

Where are chylomicrons transported?

A

in the lymphatic system to bloodstream - then broken down by liver and other tissues

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28
Q

True or False

All cells in body use some of the fatty acids with the excessive amount stored as fat (adipose tissue)

A

True

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29
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A
  • sugar/starches (dietary carbs)

- source of glucose - used as building blocks for other nutrients\

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30
Q

Simple carbohydrates include?

A
  • glucose
  • sucrose (table sugar)
    fructose (sugar found in fruit)
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31
Q

Complex carbohydrates include?

A
  • starches
  • glycogen (stored in body)
  • certain fibers
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32
Q

Dietary carbohydrates are digested to ____ and other simple molecules. Absorbed mainly in the ______ tract.

A

glucose

intestinal

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33
Q

What regulates blood glucose levels and keeps in normal range?

A

insulin and glucagons from pancreas

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34
Q

Excess glucose stored in liver and muscle tissue as ____ and can be converted to fat for _____ - _____ storage.

A

glycogen

long-term

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35
Q

Is fiber a nutrient?

A

no

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36
Q

What is fiber?

A
  • has different functions and characteristics
  • present in many foods
  • positive effect on health
  • resists digestion by enzymes in stomach & small intestine
  • some types are fermented by bacteria in large intestine (often called soluble fiber)
  • other types pass into feces unchanged (insoluble fiber)
  • found in plant sources of food
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37
Q

Vitamins are classified into 2 groups, what are they?

A

fat-soluble (A, D, E, & K) and water soluble (B & C)

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38
Q

Where can fat-soluble vitamins be stored?

A

in the body and may accumulate to toxic levels

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39
Q

Water-soluble vitamins have limited _____ and are excreted _____, making toxicity much less likely.

A

storage

rapidly

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40
Q

An animal that stops eating would become deficient in _____- _____ vitamins much sooner than _____-_____ vitamins.

A

water-soluble

fat-soluble

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41
Q

What are vitamins?

A

they are organic molecules found in animal and plant tissue, and some can be synthesized in the body (or produced in labs)

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42
Q

True or False

Vitamin requirements differ between humans, dogs, and cats.

A

True

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43
Q

What are minerals?

A

they are inorganic elements that make up “ash” a term found on pet food labels that refers to everything left over in a diet after combustion

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44
Q

What are minerals necessary for?

A

for metabolic processes and to provide structure (such as calcium making up bone)

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45
Q

Some minerals are required in the diet in larger amounts called?

A

macrominerals

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46
Q

Other minerals are required in the diet in smaller amounts called?

A

microminerals

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47
Q

Both deficiencies and excesses of ____ can be harmful to health.

A

minerals

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48
Q

A supplement added to pet foods is antioxidants, what is this?

A

substances that delay or prevent oxidation (breakdown) of other compounds or structures such as cell membranes
can be a possible health benefit

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49
Q

Carotenoids, also a supplement is what in pet foods?

A

found in colorful vegetables and act both as provitamins (partially converted to vitamin A in the body) and as antioxidants.

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50
Q

Choline, also a supplement is what in pet foods?

A

a compound that acts like a B-vitamin but usually is synthesized in the liver rather than being required in the diet. However, can be an essential nutrient.

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51
Q

L-carnitine found in pet foods is what?

A

a vitamin-like compound, found in animal tissue (meat) and synthesized in the body. However, can be added to pet food for effects on health.

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52
Q

True or False

Animals eat mainly to satisfy energy requirements, not for specific nutrients.

A

True

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53
Q

In the U.S., the usual measure of energy is ?

A

the kilocalorie (kcal), other countries kilojoule (KJ) is used

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54
Q

One calorie is defined as?`

A

energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 ⁰C to 15.5 ⁰C

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55
Q

Why is a kilocalorie used instead of a calorie?

A

because a calorie is too small of a unit

1 kcal = 1000 calories) in discussions of nutrition and energy

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56
Q

To convert Kcal to KJ what must you do?

A

divide by 0.239

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57
Q

To convert KJ to Kcal what must you do?

A

multiply by 4.184

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58
Q

True or False

When talking with clients you should use calories to mean the same thing as kcal.

A

True

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59
Q

When the word calorie is used to mean kilocalorie, it is what?

A

capitalized Calorie means kilocalorie or large calorie. Use a lowercase “c” when meaning calorie or small calorie

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60
Q

To keep track of where the energy goes in the body, a series of measurements can be made. Gross energy is what?

A

all of the potential energy available in a food or diet; it is measured by bomb calorimetry (burning the food to see how much heat is produced)

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61
Q

What is it called when some energy is lost in feces, and subtracting fecal energy from Gross Energy (GE) results in?

A

digestible energy (DE)

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62
Q

More energy is lost in urine and gases produced by the body, & subtracting that from DE results in?

A 
Metabolizable energy (ME)
ME is the most common estimate of how much energy (kcal) is supplied by pet food
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63
Q

What is a good measure of what is available to the animal for body functions and is the most common estimate of the amount of energy available from pet foods?

A

metabolizable energy

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64
Q

What results from the measurement of how much energy is used for digesting, absorbing, and using food?

A

NE - net energy

subtract this amount from ME provides an estimate of how much is left over for metabolism.

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65
Q

What is the typical method used to estimate the energy content of pet food?

A

Modified Atwater factors - can be used to estimate the energy density (caloric content) of pet food & to determine how much energy is provided by protein, fat, and carbs by %

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66
Q

What is energy density?

A

refers to the kcal per unit of a food ingredient or pet food

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67
Q

What is energy expenditure(EE)?

A

refers to the need to use or spend energy to maintain normal body processes and to supply extra energy for increased demands such as exercise or maintaining body heat in cold weather

68
Q

What equation is used to measure EE (energy expenditure?

A

Kleiber-Brody equation for resting energy requirement (RER) - used for a normal animal at rest in a thermoneutral environment with no additional activity or exercise

69
Q

Why is protein necessary in the diet?

A

because it supplies nitrogen and amino acids

70
Q

What is nitrogen required for?

A

replace losses in urine, feces, sloughing of epithelial cells, sweat, hair, and other secretions

71
Q

What is the daily maintenance protein requirement based on?

A

the amount of nitrogen lost per day

72
Q

Amino acids are used to do what in the body?

A

synthesize new protein and have many other functions

73
Q

Amino acids are divided into 2 groups, what are they?

A

essential (indispensable) and nonessential (digestible)

74
Q

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized in the body and must come from the _____.

A

diet

75
Q

Nonessential amino acids can be formed in the ____ if dietary intake is not adequate.

A

body

76
Q

Conditionally essential amino acids, includes?

A

those that may be required in the diet during certain disease states or life stages

77
Q

What is the amino acid required in the diet for cats but not for dogs?

A

Taurine

healthy dogs are able to synthesize taurine from other amino acids

78
Q

A nutrient is measured in units of?

A

mass such as grams, milligrams, or micrograms

79
Q

As part of a food or diet, nutrients can expressed as a ____ instead of mass.

A

percentage

80
Q

The recommended protein intake for an adult dog is?

A

2 g per kg body weight

or less than 40%

81
Q

Cats generally require at least ____ to ___ g of protein per kg of body weight.

A

3 to 4

or less than 50% crude protein on a dry-matter basis

82
Q

Percentage of protein, fat carbohydrate, and other nutrients may be expressed on an?

A

as-fed basis, dry-matter (DM) basis, and metabolizable energy (ME) basis. These values are not interchanageable

83
Q

“As fed” refers to?

A

pet food directly from a bag, can, or package

84
Q

“Dry matter” refers to?

A

pet food without the water content, and can be estimated by subtracting the moisture content as listed on the label.

85
Q

“Metabolizable energy” basis refers to?

A

the three nutrients that supply energy (kcal) - protein, carbs, fat. The % is ME is a proportion of energy rather than weight

86
Q

What would a deficiency of protein lead to for cats and dogs?

A

lead to poor growth and reproduction, reduced appetite, anemia, and poor hair coat. Over time, muscle and other tissues will be broken down, leading to muscle atrophy and decreased quantities of internal proteins such as albumin.

87
Q

What does arginine deficiency cause?

A

a build up of ammonia in the bloodstream, leading to vomiting in dogs and even death in cats

88
Q

Specific amino acid deficiencies lead to?

A

diseases

89
Q

Methionine and cysteine deficiencies cause?

A

weight loss and skin disorders

90
Q

In cats, taurine deficiency leads to?

A

blindness and heart failure or some types of liver disease

91
Q

Excessive protein can lead to?

A

worsening of the disease

92
Q

What is protein quality?

A

whether the amino acid components of the protein are suitable for the animal and in a form that is digestible and available for use.
Excess interferes with absorption

93
Q

What affects protein quality?

A

Digestibility, fiber content (plant-based protein is less digestible than animal-based protein)

94
Q

Dietary fatty acids can be classified in several ways?

A

carbon chain length, degree of saturation, and location of the first double bond in in the chemical structure (omega- or n-nomenclature

95
Q

Carbon molecules are divided into what chain varieties?

A 
short chain - (2-6)
medium chain - (8 - 12)
long chain (14 - 24)
96
Q

The first fatty acid found to be essential in animal diets is ?

A

linolenic acid acid (LA), which has 18 carbons and 2 double bonds, and is in the omega-6 series

97
Q

Deficiency in LA leads to?

A

poor hair coat, skin infection, weight loss, decreased immunity, and other problems in dogs and cats

98
Q

What is the most common type of fatty acid found in foods and include linolenic and alpha-linolenic acids (essential for dogs) and arachidonic acid (essential for cats) ?

A

Long-chain fatty acids

99
Q

What is a key characteristic of lipids?

A

number of fatty acids/lipid molecule, degree of hydrogen saturation, and length of fatty acid chains

100
Q

AA (arachidonic acid) deficiency may lead to?

A

impaired reproduction and growth

101
Q

AA is only found in?

A

animal-origin foods

102
Q

What are the 3 most common Omega-3 fatty acids?

A

alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), 18 cargons, 3 double bonds), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20 carbons, 5 double bonds, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22 carbons, 6 double bonds)

103
Q

Fish oil is extracted from?

A

menhaden, salmon, sardines, tuna and anchovies

104
Q

Fish oil can be a beneficial supplement or additive to pet food through its?

A

antinflammatory effects

105
Q

What is a condition called pansteatitis, what are the clinic signs and what is the treatment?

A

yellow fat disease - in animals results from excess dietary fat and deficient antioxidants.
Clinical signs are anorexia, depression, fever, and inflammation of subcutaneous fat
Treatment is dietary correction and supplemental vitamin E

106
Q

Dietary carbohydrate is conditionally essential and is used mainly for _____.

A

energy

Both cats and dogs can digest and absorb most types of carbs.

107
Q

Fiber can be subdivided into _____ or _____ or _______ or ______.

A

soluble, or insoluble (based on ability to absorb water)
fermentable or nonfermentable (based on whether microbes in the lower intestinal tract can convert the compounds into gases and short-chain fatty acids)

108
Q

The purposes of dietary fiber are to?

A

increase water and fecal bulk and to help regulate normal bowel transit time and function.

109
Q

Various types of fiber are added to pet foods to aid in what?

A

beneficial effects on stool quality, for slower intestinal transit time, and to aid in satiety and weight loss, among other functions.

110
Q

Why is Vitamin A necessary?

A

for formation and maintenance of the epithelium (skin, mucous membrances)
Also important for vision, growth, reproduction, and immunity

111
Q

Excessive vitamin A can be?

A

toxic

112
Q

Vitamin D is a necessary vitamin in the diet of dogs and cats because?

A

they cannot use sunlight to convert provitamin D

113
Q

The major function of vitamin D?

A

to regulate absorption and mobilization of calcium in the body

114
Q

A deficiency of vitamin D can lead to ?

A

rickets or osteoporosis (thin, brittle bones) and neurologic disorder

115
Q

What is the main function of vitamin E?

A

antioxidant activity, meaning that it helps protect against cell damage by reactive oxygen and other free radicals
It is also a preservative in pet foods`

116
Q

A deficiency of vitamin E leads to?

A

muscle disease, poor reproduction, and retinal degeneration

117
Q

Two of the fat-soluble vitamins, ____ and ___ can cause toxicity with inappropriate diets or if supplemented.

A

A and D

118
Q

Vitamin K is?

A

a unique fat-soluble vitamin in that it can be absorbed from dietary sources or synthesized by microbes in the large intestine of dogs and cats

119
Q

Both plant and animal sources can supply vitamin ____ which functions mainly in the blood clotting system.

A

K

also used in the production of osteocalcin, which helps to regulate bony growth

120
Q

The main clinical sign of a deficiency in vitamin K is?

A

spontaneous bleeding

121
Q

____ also called vitamin B1 was the first water-soluble vitamin to be discovered.

A

Thiamin

122
Q

Thiamin is necessary for?

A

metabolic reactions and is not stored in the body

123
Q

Deficiencies of thiamin lead to?

A

neruological and cardiac disease in dogs
Cats require 4 times more thiamin than dogs. They may display a characteristic ventroflexion of the head that may progress to seizures and death.

124
Q

Riboflavin (b2) is involved in many biochemical reactions and is needed for?

A

energy metabolism

125
Q

Niacin (B3) (black tongue disease) causes what when there are deficiencies?

A

can lead to reddening and ulceration of the tongue and mucous membranes, diarrhea, and neurologic disease

126
Q

Pryridoxine (vitamin B6) is needed as a?

A

coenzyme for many enzymatic reactions

127
Q

A deficiency of pyridoxine may lead to?

A

anemia, kidney disease, and neurologic disorders

128
Q

Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is synthesized only by?

A

microorganisms

129
Q

Cobalamin is found in ____ products, not in _____ food sources and functions in metabolic reactions.

A

animal

plant

130
Q

Deficiencies of Cobalamin lead to?

A

weakness, poor growth, anemia, and bone marrow disease.

131
Q

Pantothenic acid is found in most sources and functions as a component of?

A

coenzyme A in energy metabolism

Deficiencies are rare

132
Q

Folic acid or folate is used as a?

A

cofactor in many metabolic reactions

133
Q

Deficiencies of folic acid are?

A

rare and cause anemia and poor growth

134
Q

Biotin is not a true ____ in that it is synthesized in the intestinal tract by microorganisms and is also found in many food sources.

A

vitamin

135
Q

Choline is synthesized in the liver but sometimes is included among the ___ vitamins.

A

B

136
Q

Ascorbic acid, or Vitamin ___, is an important water-soluble nutrient but is not necessary in the diet of dogs and cats.

A

C

also serves as an antioxidant

137
Q

Water-soluble vitamins include?

A

B complex and C

138
Q

There are ____ minerals that are essential for dogs and cats.

A

12

139
Q

Essential minerals are often divided into 2 groups, what are they?

A

macrominerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride) and
microminerals, also called trace minerals (iron, copper, zinc, manganese, selenium, iodine)

140
Q

The basic difference between macrominerals and microminerals in formulating pet diets is?

A

macrominerals are measured in gram amounts and microminerals are measured in milligrams amounts

141
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body, making up much of the skeleton and teeth?

A

calcium

142
Q

What else is calcium needed for?

A

muscles, nerves, and blood clotting, and acts as a cellular messenger.

143
Q

A deficiency of calcium can lead to?

A

loss of bone structure (rickets) and pathologic fractures

144
Q

Excessive calcium leads to?

A

osteochondrosis and other skeletal abnormalities.

145
Q

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?

A

phosphorus - most is found in the bone, but muscle and tissue have P as a structural component.

146
Q

Deficiencies of phosphorus lead to?

A

rare with signs of poor appetite and poor growth along with bony abnormalities

147
Q

What does magnesium serve as?

A

a cofactor in many enzyme systems and is used in metabolic reactions
also a part of bone an tooth structure

148
Q

Magnesium deficiencies can cause?

A

musculoskeletal and neurologic problems

149
Q

Excessive magnesium have been linked to?

A

urinary stone formation in cats (although urine pH has greater influence

150
Q

Sodium is found in?

A

bone, body fluids, and tissues

151
Q

The major function of Na is to?

A

regulate body water and acid-base balance.

152
Q

A dietary deficiency of Na can cause?

A

loss of water, dehydration, and acid-base disruption

153
Q

Excessive Na can be harmful in certain?

A

medical conditions such as heart failure and kidney disase

154
Q

What mineral is found mainly in intracellular fluid, with small amounts in bone, connective tissues, and plasma?

A

potassium

155
Q

Potassium is involved with?

A

acid-base regulation, nerve transmission, and enzymatic and metabolic reactions

156
Q

Vitamin deficiency of K lead to ?

A

neurologic disease, especially ventroflexion of the head, along with weakness, poor growth, and cardiac abnormalities

157
Q

What helps maintain osmolality of extracellular fluids and is involved in acid-base regulation?

A

chloride

158
Q

Chloride is added to?

A

table salt - sodium or other minerals such as potassium and calcium

159
Q

Deficiencies in Chloride are?

A

rare and result in fluid balance and acid-base alterations

160
Q

What is a component of hemoglobin and found mostly in red blood cells?

A

iron (Fe)

161
Q

____ tissue (myogloin) and other cells contain Fe

A

Muscle

162
Q

The main function of Fe are?

A

to bind and transport oxygen, and it plays a role in enzymatic reactions

163
Q

Deficiencies in Fe are?

A

anemia (microcytic hypochromic), weaknes, and poor growth

164
Q

Excess of Fe can be?

A

toxic and may cause gastrointestinal signs and death

165
Q

What functions in many metabolic reactions and enzyme systems?

A

copper

Nutrition - Vic (8 decks)

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