Chapter 1 (Quiz 1) Flashcards
Personality
Long-term patterns of behavior which are relatively consistent over time and across situations
Personality psychology started officially in _____ at _______, but was not actually related to what personality psychology is today. Instead it was focused on ____________ psychology and study of the _____.
1922; Harvard
physiological; brain
When personality of psychology started, was it an academic field or an applied field?
Academic
The first 4/5 personality psychologists were __________, not clinical psychologists.
physicians
How does personality psychology assist in clinical psychology nowadays?
It assists in treatment planning
What are the 3 type of research methods of personality psychologists?
Experiments
Correlational studies
Case studies
What are the different parts of an experiment? (5)
Theory
Hypothesis
Independent variable
dependent variable
Control group
Why the experimental method?
1) Allows us to state cause-and-effect relationships
2) Only methodology which produces this result
What are the different shapes and sizes that experiments come in? (3)
Animal experiments (e.g., Rats and the Skinner box)
Research with humans
Personality research (e.g., type A, type B, type C and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs)
Explain Theory in experiments
After ______ _______(lit. review) and creates ________set of _______ which _____ _____.
Theory makes ______ about _______ _______.
After extensive research (lit. review) and creates interrelated set of concepts which explains data.
Theory makes predictions about observable events.
Explain Hypothesis in experiments.
A prediction statement(s) which provides a possible explanation for behavior (may or may not be correct).
Explain Independent Variable in experiments.
Manipulated by the experimenter
Explain Dependent Variable in experiments.
A variable of interest
A measurable bahavior
Explain Control Group in experiments.
A second group except they receive no level of the independent variable.
Explain double blind and single blind studies
Double blind studies - participant AND therapist don’t know who is receiving treatment/intervention
Single blind studies - only participants don’t know who is receiving treatment/intervention
(used most of the time because therapist needs to know what they’re doing in the experiment)
Which is stronger: double blind or single blind studies?
Double blind studies
What are the non-experimental research methodologies? (4)
Correlational Studies
Naturalistic observation
Case studies
Surveys
Correlational studies
(define correlation)
A relationship between two events which is expressed in numerical terms (a correlation coefficient, a decimal)
Not as strong as an experimental study
Case studies
Involves intensive observations of a single person
Weakest type of study
Who used case studies?
Sigmund Freud
How are case studies mostly used today?
Widely used in the business world
_____ was believed to be that it was something everyone had, and ____________ was ______ (present at birth and restored).
Trait; personality; genetic
Through ____ _______’s study, it was proved that personality was not genetic.
Hans Eysenck
Intelligence has a _.__ correlation to _______.
0.95; genetics
What are the parts of the Five Factor Theory?
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Openness to experience
What is Extraversion? (2)
Sociability
Capacity for positive emotions
What is Neuroticism?
A measure of emotional maturity
- How easily upset someone is
- Expression of negative emotions
What is agreeableness?
Being a team player
Ability to compromise
Expression of positive emotions
What is conscientiousness? (3)
Attention to detail e.g., handwriting
Dependability
Level of organization
What is Openness to Experience? (2)
Adventuresome
Flexibility
What were people trying to do through the Five Factor Theory?
To determine parts of personality through a data reduction process.
The Five Factor Theory takes a ______ approach and is ____________.
lexical; atheoretical
The Five Factor Theory was derived from ______ ________.
factor analysis
What is the best researched personality theory?
Eysenck’s 3 Factor Theory.
What is the Person-Situation Controversy?
The controversy of whether personality is determined by genetics or environment
By Dr. Walter Michelle and colleagues
What is the etiology of personality disorders?
Social motivations: motives
Our self-image
Two of the most important motives in understanding human personality are _______ and ________.
Affiliation; dominance
Affiliation is the…
desire for close relationships with other people
Dominance is the…
desire for impact, prestige, or power
Self-image:
____ ____ of self-image
_____ _____ of self-esteem
Evaluation of _____ with others
_______ _______ are deficient.
Concerns stability
External validation
relationships
Empathetic feelings
Social motivation: motives
Describe the way ________________________, and they help explain why ______________________.
Describe the way the person would like things to be, and they help to explain why people behave in a particular fashion
_______ _____ frequently determine whether a ______ _____ of behavior will be assigned a _____ or _____ meaning by other people.
Social circumstances; specific pattern; negative or positive
DSM-5 classifies __ specific types of personality disorder.
10
Cluster A =
Cluster B =
Cluster C =
Cluster A = Restricted emotional experience
Cluster B = Dramatic emotional expression
Cluster C = Anxiety and fearfulness
What are the domains of impairment?
o Cognition
o Emotional responses
o Interpersonal function
o Impulse control
