Chapter 1 PP Flashcards
intermediate
-between a superficial and deep structure
-bicep is intermediate between the skin and the humerus
transverse
axial
palmar vs dorsal
-palmar surface- anterior -> skin ligaments are short, stout, abundant
-dorsal surface- dorsum- posterior (back of hand) -> skin ligaments are long and sparse
plantar vs dorsal
-plantar surface- inferior foot (sole)
-dorsal surface- dorsum- superior
inversion vs eversion
-
supination vs pronation
-supination- return to anatomical position
-pronation- flip away from anatomical position
tension lines
-cleavage lines
-keep skin taut yet allow for creasing with movement
-lacerations or incisions made parallel the tension lines heal well with little scarring due to minimal disruption of collagen fibers
-cut made across will disrupt collagen fibers -> gape and heal with keloid scarring
-surgeons make incisions parallel unless adequate exposure, avoiding nerves etc. is to be considered
stretch marks in skin
-collagen and elastic fibers form tough flexible meshwork of tissue
-if skin is stretched too much or rapidly -> damage to collagen fibers
-bands of wrinkled skin initially red, become purple, and later white
-abdomen, buttocks, thighs, breasts
burns
-tissue injury to thermal, electrical, radioactive, chemical agents
-superficial burns- limited to superficial part of epidermis
-partial thickness burn- damage to epidermis into superficial part of dermis -> hair and sweat glands are not damaged and can contribute to replacements cells for basal layer of epidermis
-full thickness burn- entire epidermis and dermis and perhaps muscle > require skin grafting
-total body surface affected is more significant than degree (depth) generally
heterotopic bone
-bone forms in soft tissue not normally present
-due to chronic muscle strain -> small hemorrhagic areas undergo calcification and ossification
-common in horse riders thighs or buttocks
bone adaptation
-bones are living organs
-blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, disease
-unused bone (paralysis) -> atrophy -> can decrease in size
-bone may be absorbed
-hypertrophy (enlargement) when increased weight to support for long period
-mandible atrophys when teeth are extracted
bone trauma and repair
-broken ends of bone must be brought together to normal position -> reduces fracture
-fibroblasts proliferate and secrete collagen that forms collar of callus to hold bones together
-callus calcifies to remodel
-callus is resorbed and replaced by bone
degeneration- osteoporosis
-organic and inorganic components of bone decrease
-abnormal reduction in quantity of bone or atrophy
-brittle
-lose elasticity
femur
-transverse sections of femur show trabeculae
-trabeculae is in spongy bone
-tension and pressure lines
-related to weight bearing function of femur
bony markings
appear wherever tendons, ligaments, and fascia are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones
-condyle
-crest
-epicondyle
-facet
-foramen
-fossa
-line (linea)
-malleolus
-botch
-process
-protuberance
-spine
-trochanter
-tubercle
-tuberosity
development and growth of long bone
-primary ossification center- bone tissue it forms replaces most of the cartilage in the shaft of the bone model
-shaft of bone ossified -> diaphysis
-secondary ossification center- appear in other parts of the developing bone after birth
-parts ossified from here -> epiphyses
-Growth occurs on both sides of the epiphysial plates
vasculature and innervation of long bone
-receive blood from articular arteries that arise from vessels around joint
-anastomose (communicate) to form networks to ensure continuous blood supply throughout its range of movement
-articular veins located in joint capsules mostly synovial membrane
-rich nerve supply
-in distal parts of limbs, articular nerves are branches of cutaneous nerves supplying overlying skin
-nerves that supply muscles supply and move joints
-many pain fibers in fibrous layer of joint capsule
-joints transmit proprioception
accessory bone
-supernumerary bones
-develop when additional ossification centers appear and form extra bones
-majority of bones form from several centers of ossification and separate parts will fuse
-sometimes centers fail to fuse -> gives appearance of extra bone
-extra bone is just a missing part of main bone
-common in foot and calvarium
assessment of bone age
-knowledge of where ossification sites are, time of their appearance, rate at which they grow, time of fusion (synostosis) of the sites -> determines age
-clinical med, forensic science, anthropology
-1. appearance of calcified material in diaphysis and/or epiphyses
-2. disappearance of dark line representing the epiphysial plate (fusion has occurred)
-fusion occurs 1-2 years earlier in girls than boys
-bone age can be determined by radiographic study of ossification center of hand
displacement and separation of epiphyses
-displacement of an epiphysis upon injury in child (adult -> fracture)
-displaced epiphyseal plate can be mistaken for fracture without imaging
-separation of epiphyseal plate can be misinterpreted as displaced piece of fracture bone
-sharp
-uneven edges
avascular necrosis
-loss of blood supply to epiphysis or other part of bone -> death of tissue
-after every fracture small areas of adjacent bone undergo necrosis
-large fragments in some fractures
degenerative joint disease
-breakdown of joint space
-synovial joints can withstand wear but heavy use over many years (synovial fluid) -> degenerative changes
-aging of articular cartilage occurs on the ends of the articulating bones
-usually knee, hip, vertebral column, hands (weight bearing)
-irreversible
-articular cartilage becoming less effective as shock absorber and more vulnerable to repeat fracture/friction during joint movement
-osteoarthritis
-stiffness, discomfort, pain
synovial joints
-cavity
-contains a small amount of synovial fluid
-nourishing articular cartilage and lubricating joint surfaces
-most common
-reinforced by accessory ligaments that either separate (extrinsic) or are thickened part of the joint capsule (Intrinsic)
-some have fibrocartilaginous articular discs or menisci present when the articulating surfaces of the bones are incongruous
-6 types classified by shape of the articulating surface and/or type of movement they permit
6 types of synovial joints
-pivot- uniaxial, rounded process fits into bony ligamentous socket -> rotation- ex. median atlantoaxial joint
-ball and socket- multiaxial, rounded head fits into concavity- ex. hip joint
-condyloid- biaxial, permit flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction- ex. metacarpophalangeal joint
-saddle- biaxial- ex. carpometacarpal joint
-hinge- uniaxial, permit flexion and extension- ex. elbow
-plane- usually uniaxial, gliding or sliding- ex. acromioclavicular joint
motor unit
-structural unit of a muscle - muscle fiber
-motor units with more fibers -> less precise
-actin (thinm and myosin (thick) filaments are contractile (myofibrils) in muscle fibers
muscle testing
-helps diagnose nerve injuries
-gauge power of person’s movement
-Usually tested in bilateral pairs for comparison
-2 methods:
-1. movement performed that resists movement produced by examiner (active). —ex. person flexes forearm while the examiner resists the effort - testing flexion
-examiner performs movements against resistance produced by the person
-ex. person keeps the forearm flexed while the examiner attempts to extend it
electromyography
-electrical recording of muscles via EMG
-tests muscle action
-surface electrodes placed over muscle
-amplifies and records differences in electrical action potentials
-resting shows baseline activity (tonus) -> only disappears during sleep, paralysis, anesthesia
-contracting muscles show variable peaks of phasic activity
-analyzes individual muscle during different movements
-can be part of treatment for restoring action of muscles
muscular atrophy
-wasting of muscular tissue (atrophy)
-may result from primary disorder of muscle or from lesion of nerve
-may be caused by prolonged immobilization of limb -> cast, sling
