Chapter 1: Overview and Basic Concepts TB Flashcards
Regional Anatomy
-organization of the body into parts and then further subdivided into divisions
-emphasis on relationships of structures in these regions
-surface anatomy is important * -> palpable, visible, physical exam
Systemic Anatomy
-organized by organ system that work together to carry out function
-integumentary
-skeletal
-articular- joints/ligaments
-muscular
-nervous
-circulatory -> cardiovascular & lymphatic
-digestive/alimentary
-respiratory
-urinary
-genital
-endocrine
clinical (applied) anatomy
-emphasizes aspects of the structure and function of the body important to clinical practice
-regional and systemic approach
-clinical application
-case studies
gender vs sex
-sex is assigned chromosomally
-gender is an individuals intrinsic sense of their own gender
-46 chromosomes
-female- xx
-male- xy
-klinefelter syndrome- 47 chromosomes (xxy)
-jacob syndrome- 47 chromosomes (xyy)
Median / Sagittal plane
-only 1 median plane
-infinite sagittal planes
-vertical plane passing longitudinally
oblique planes
-sections that do not align with preceding planes
intermediate
-between a superficial and deep structure
-bicep is intermediate between the skin and the humerus
palmar vs dorsal
-palmar surface- anterior
-dorsal surface- dorsum- posterior
plantar vs dorsal
-plantar surface- inferior foot (sole)
-dorsal surface- dorsum- superior
pronation vs supination
-pronation- return to anatomical
-supination flipping hand over from anatomical
dorsiflexion
-toes up
plantarflexion
-tip toes
eversion
-outside part of foot up
inversion
-inside part of the foot up
lateral flexion
-lateral bending
-sway side to side
opposition vs resposition
-opposition- thumb + pinky
-reposition- thumb moves away from pinky
retrusion vs protrusion
-retrusion- jaw in
-protrusion- jaw out
abduction, adduction, extension, flexion of the thumb
-abduction- thumb moves anteriorly
-adduction- thumb moves posterior back into anatomical
-extension- thumb separates
-flexion- thumb bends towards pinky
protraction vs retraction
-protraction- shoulder forward
-retraction- shoulder backward
integumentary system
-best indicator of general health
-protection
-containment of tissues, organs, vital substances, prevents dehydration
-heat regulation- sweat glands, blood vessels, fat deposits
-sensation- superficial nerves
-synthesis and storage of vitamin D
-epidermis- superficial cellular layer, protects
-dermis- basal (deep) regenerative and pigmented connective tissue layer
-hair, nails, mammary glands, enamel of teeth
epidermis
-keratinized- tough outer surface composed of keratin
-stratified
-outer layer sheds off and is replaced by basal layer- renews 25-45 days
-avascular- nourished by underlying dermis
-supplied by afferent nerve endings that are sensitive to touch, pain, and temperature
-most nerve terminal are in dermis but some penetrate epidermis
dermis
-dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers
-fibers -> skin tone and strength of skin
-primary direction of collagen fibers -> tension lines (cleavage lines) and wrinkle lines
-deep layer of dermis- hair follicles + smooth arrector muscles + sebaceous glands
-contraction of arrector muscles -> erects hairs -> compresses sebaceous glands -> secrete oil
subcutaneous tissue
-superficial fascia
-loose connective tissue and fat
-between dermis and underlying deep fascia
-contains the deepest parts of the sweat glands, blood lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves
-fat storage- thickness depends on person
-skin ligaments- consist of numerous small fibrous bands and extend through subQ tissue and attack the deep surface of the dermis to underlying deep fascia -> length determines movement of skin over deep structures
deep fascia
-dense
-organized connective tissue
-devoid of fat
-envelops most of internal body
-investing fascia- individual muscles and neurovascular bundles
-intermuscular septa- divide muscles into groups or compartments
-subserous fascia- lie between the musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes lining body cavities