Chapter 1 Police Administration, A Perspective Flashcards
- Ethics is the philosophical study of…
Conduct that adheres a certain principles of morality.
- People who wish to do the right thing, to be a good person, and get along with others are expressing …
The desire to behave in an ethical manner.
- Behavior that can be considered ethical even though ethics itself is not concerned with it.
Obeying the law, following certain religious tenets, and conforming to societal standards of behavior.
- Ethics itself is not concerned with what?
Law, religion, or society.
- These type of leaders align their actions with their words.
Ethical leaders.
- Which leaders must combat biased based policing?
Ethical leaders.
- Ethics centers on demonstrating …
Behavior that reflects specific virtues.
- Examples of moral excellence are known as…
Specific virtues.
- Virtues include:
Discretion, integrity, courage, self-restraint, Honesty, loyalty, generosity, modesty, and responsibility.
- These leaders attract followers by virtue of their honesty.
Ethical leaders.
These leaders attract followers by virtue of their honesty with appointing authorities.
Ethical leaders.
These leaders attract followers by virtue of their honesty with agency members.
Ethical leaders.
These leaders attract followers by virtue of their honesty with members of the community their agency serves.
Ethical leaders.
These leaders must demonstrate all these competencies while also fulfilling the distinct role of public safety officer.
Police leaders
- Police administration has evolved in several important respects including…
– How police have been organized.
– What police consider their core strategy for providing value to the communities they serve.
- Many laws we abide by in the United States today, such as those related to theft and homicide have their origin in…
12th century England.
- King Henry II established “common-law” in 12th century England which included a…
Judiciary that gave each county a King’s judge.
- King Henry II’s Common Law: Who meted out justice to the common folk?
The County judge, along with 12 local men.
- King Henry II’s Common Law:
During this time, laws were enforced by…
Appointees of the Lords of each county.
- The common-law system endured until as late as 1829, when the…
London Metropolitan Police was founded.
- The London Metropolitan police was founded through the…
British Parliament’s enactment of the Metropolitan police act.
- British Parliament’s enactment of the Metropolitan police act, An event that inspired…
Similar developments in local police organizations within the United States.
British Parliament’s enactment of the Metropolitan police act, Just seven years later…
Boston Massachusetts set up a formal local police department.
- New York City follow suit setting up a formal local police department in…
1844.
- The first organization resembling the state police force and when it came into being.
The Texas Rangers in 1823.
- Originally more of a nonuniformed state militia.
The Texas rangers.
- The first federal law enforcement agency in America had been created a century earlier in…
1789, when President George Washington appointed eight United States marshals.
- The development of national level law-enforcement organizations took a large step with the creation of the…
Bureau of investigation in 1908, subsequently renamed the Federal Bureau of investigation or FBI.
- As local, state, and federal law enforcement organizations evolved, so did the notion that police should have the right to…
Collective bargaining.
- As early as 1893, the national chiefs of police union, forerunner of the international Association of Chiefs of police (IACP) was established largely through the efforts of…
Progressive Omaha, Nebraska, police chief Weber Seavey.
- Each year, the IACP sponsors the …
Weber Seavey award, presented to agencies that made innovative accomplishments.
- Over time, debate has swirled around whether police should focus their strategy on…
Community service, crime-fighting, or some combination of approaches.
- From the mid 19th century to about 1930, policing was about…
Community Service.
- From the mid 19th century to about 1930, officers were encouraged to live in the same area they patrolled, so they could…
Get to know and better serve community residents.
- During that era, mid 19th century to about 1930, politicians closely directed police activities; thus…
Corruption was rampant
- During that era when politicians closely directed police activities corruption was rampant and hardly anyone could become a…
Police officer without the approval of a politician.
- Between 1929 and 1931, the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (Wickersham Commission) produce…
(14 reports) for President Herbert Hoover regarding the status of policing and law enforcement in general.
- According to these reports, many areas needed addressing, especially police brutality, through which police used mental and physical torture to elicit confessions from suspects.
14 Wickersham Commission reports.
- National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (Wickersham Commission): The commissioners’ recommendations included:
Centralizing administration in a police jurisdiction, establishing higher personnel standards, and adopting a more professional approach to policing in general.
- The Wickersham Commission ushered in a period when police authority derived…
More from law than from local politicians.
- The Wickersham Commission ushered in a period where police activity shifted from…
Community service to crime control and prevention.
- Chief of Police in Berkeley, California from 1902-1932, considered the founder of modern policing.
August Vollmer.
- August Vollmer’s protege; introduced a merit system for promotions and other innovations influential in modern policing.
O.W. Wilson.
- Initiated the use of the police car as a patrol device and the two-way radio as a means for rapidly answering calls for service.
August Vollmer.
- Introduced the polygraph as an investigative tool and helped establish college-level courses for police officers.
August Vollmer.
- Vollmer also promoted the use of other forensic science technologies, such as…
Fingerprinting, crime laboratories, and moreover, strongly advocated professionalism in policing.
- He rotated officer’s patrol assignments to reduce the chance for corruption and insisted on higher salaries for officers to help agencies recruit higher-quality candidates.
O.W. Wilson.
- During the 1960’s, massive social unrest erupted throughout the U.S., which forced…
Police Executives to confront the fact that traditional policing (the professional “command and control” model) was not working well.
- During the 60s many experts felt certain police alone could not control crime and social unrest stemmed from factors such as:
Social inequality, lack of jobs, and the deterioration of the family.
- The stage was set for adopting new police strategies that emerged as follows:
- Community Oriented Policing.
- Community Oriented Problem Solving Policing (COPS).
- Statistics-Oriented Policing.
- Intelligence-Led Policing.
- Strategic Policing.
- Flexibility and Transition: (1980-Present) Today, they must decide together what policing principles and strategies to incorporate into their mission.
Police agency executives.
Elected political leaders.
Community leaders.
Citizens.
- Principles and strategies: To prepare for the future, most agencies across the country mix…
Traditional policing with community and problem-oriented policing, some statistical policing, and strategic policing.
- In addition to demonstrating greater flexibility with regard to strategy, the police have also entered a time of transition in terms of…
How they and others perceive their level of professionalism.
- The many individuals who have the desire to help people and make society a better place, are those who are…
Drawn to policing as a career.
- Because of the job security they provide, many individuals are also…
Drawn to public safety careers.
- Religious groups have added the following as virtues:
– Faith.
– Hope.
– Love.
- Demonstrating virtues leads to moral behavior, which in turn…
Forms the foundation for ethics.
- As a general rule, virtue refers to…
Who a person is.
- As a general rule ethics refers to…
What a person does.
- A person becomes virtuous by…
Behaving ethically.
- We learn to practice ethical behavior during our early years of growth through maturation as we…
Interact with family and society.
- Through interactions with family and society we come to understand the…
Difference between good and bad behavior.
- Society everywhere require their members to behave in…
An ethically acceptable manner.
- Ethics, as an aspect of philosophy, originated in…
Ancient Greece.
- Three Philosophical giants who attempted to define and refine ethics were:
– Socrates.
– Plato.
– Aristotle.
- This philosopher argued that with the proper knowledge a person will always do good.
Socrates.
- This philosopher wrote that the highest good comes from loving the truth and doing all things for the sake of the truth.
Plato.
This philosopher proposed that doing good was a habit that must be inculcated at an early age, and once doing good becomes habitual, a person could do nothing but.
Aristotle.
- More than most professions, policing presents it’s members with…
Ethical dilemmas on a daily basis.
- It is just as unethical as overtly questionable behavior.
Deciding not to behave ethically.
- Like obviously unethical behavior, opting out of doing the right thing also contributes to public perception that…
Police officers are corrupt and untrustworthy.
- Deciding not to behave ethically or opting out of doing the right thing, this behavior has not commanded the attention of the public in the same way as…
Overt acts.
- With the 1936 publication of August Vollmer’s “the police in modern society”, a broad-based interest emerged in the idea that…
Police work should be subject to ethical standards.
- This publication promoted ethics as an essential ingredient for modern policing.
1936 publication of August Volmer’s The Police in Modern Society.
- Codes developed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in its early years.
- Law Enforcement Code of Ethics.
- Law Enforcement Code of Conduct.
- These codes are accepted as universal standards across the police profession.
- Law Enforcement Code of Ethics.
- Law Enforcement Code of Conduct.
- These codes include guidelines concerning performance of officer duties, responsibilities, discretion, and use of force, among others.
- Law Enforcement Code of Ethics.
- Law Enforcement Code of Conduct.
- Many police agencies use the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics and the Law Enforcement Code of Conduct to define a formal, agency wide set of…
Standards that they circulate to all agency members and usually post in a prominent location in all facilities.
- All police agency personnel have the power to model ethical behavior – becoming…
Ethical leaders by example.
- Leadership is the art and science of ethically using…
Communication, activities, and behaviors to influence, motivate or mobilize others to action.
- Ethical behavior on display.
Ethical leadership.
- Subordinates model behavioral based on…
What a leader demonstrates.
- Just as unethical behavior by one can trigger it in another, ethical behavior can also…
Spread when individuals model it consistently.
- Researchers have proven that unethical people who become part of an ethical society or organization soon begin to…
Emulate and embrace ethical behavior.
- Citizen’s trust is an essential ingredient for…
Effective police work.
- Loss of trust due to unethical behavior on the part of any police agency personnel can also damage…
Hard-won perceptions of policing as a profession.
- Police leadership development programs focus primarily on the…
Promotion of police officers to mid or upper level management positions.
- Very few police leadership development programs focus on…
Ethical leadership development at all ranks, including police recruits.
- It is essential for all police officers, regardless of rank.
Ethical leadership training and development.
- An occupation or discipline that requires its members to adhere to prescribe standards of behavior and competence.
Profession.
- Characteristics of profession:
– A recognized body of knowledge specific to the profession.
– Common goals and principles.
– Code of ethics and standards of conduct.
– A public service orientation.
– A common language.
– System for licensing/credentialing.
– An association that promotes professional standards and interest.
- Recognized body of knowledge specific to the profession.
A characteristic shared by all professions.
- Common goals and principles, and a code of ethics and standards of conduct.
A characteristic shared by all professions.
- A Public service orientation, common language and vocabulary, and a system for licensing or credentialing members.
Characteristics shared by all professions.
- An association that promotes the profession’s standards and interests.
A characteristic shared by all professions.
- To qualify as a member of any profession, including policing, people must…
Gain knowledge and develop skills relevant to that profession.
- At various times in the past, experts have characterized police officers as…
“Unprofessional professionals” or as an “ambivalent force”.
- Confusing terms used in the past to characterize police officers reflect the fact that the law gives certain powers to police officers while also…
Restricting their actions to preserve personal liberty in our democratic society.
- Any organization can fail without…
Strong leaders.
- Every member of every police agency thus has the opportunity and responsibility to become…
A leader.
- Leadership should begin with the chief executive of the agency and…
Spread throughout all levels of the organization, including line officer level.
- Line officers have the most direct contact with citizens and pocess…
Broad discretionary powers.
- Whenever line officers answer a call for service they must function as…
Leaders.
- Whether they wish to be or not, all officers are problem solvers, and problem-solving ability is…
A leadership skill.
- Knowing what skills constitute effective leadership is not enough, police personnel no matter what rank they hold, most also have the…
Courage to put those skills into action – within their agency as well as with community members and partners from private and public agencies.
- Without the courage to put skills into action, an officer is…
Just another person in the crowd of badges.
- They have a dual responsibility when demonstrating leadership: to be role models and authority figures to both citizens and line officers and communicate executive decisions to officers reporting to them.
Middle managers and line supervisors.
- Managers and supervisors can, and should, be leaders, however…
Management and supervision or not synonymous with leadership.
- Direct their subordinates in the completion of tasks toward the accomplishment of a specific organizational goal.
Managers.
- They oversee the work of subordinates, are available to answer questions, provide training for certain tasks, and account to superiors for their subordinates performance.
Supervisors.
- Leaders may supervise and manage, but they also take responsibility for …
Influencing and motivating others.
- They empower people by guiding individuals in the process of change.
Leaders.
- While (__) account for their subordinates performance to superiors, (__) account for subordinate’s actions
(Supervisors) (Leaders)
- They focus on directing and maintaining existing operations.
Managers and Supervisors.
- They guide growth and change in their organization or group with an eye on the future.
Leaders.
- To manage a progressive organization and to plan for the future while also addressing challenges and needs in the present, it takes a.
Leader.
- He plans activities, organizes resources, controls cost and quality, and directs employees.
Manager.
- He directs employees.
Manager or Supervisor.
- He directs employees, inspects work, evaluates performance, rewards good work, and corrects poor performance.
Supervisor.
- He influences and motivates, displays integrity, models ethical behavior, creates mission, tenaciously pursues goals, builds relationships, focuses on strategy.
Leader.
- A key to becoming a leader is …
“Wanting to do so”.
- Recognize that leaders at different organizational levels will lead differently.
You can cultivate your own leadership style by doing this.
22.Recognize there are leaders at every level. A person need not possess a title to be a leader.
You can cultivate your own leadership style by doing this.
- Know where org. is heading strategically and where you stand in development as a leader by performing regular organizational and self assessments.
You can cultivate your own leadership style by doing this.
- Be certain there is a way for you and other leaders to develop knowledge and skills throughout the organization by interacting with all personnel.
You can cultivate your own leadership style by doing this.
- Tailor you strategic efforts to support your organization’s goals and values.
You can cultivate your own leadership style by doing this.
- Regularly communicate your organization’s mission, values, and goals to subordinates and others.
You can cultivate your own leadership style by doing this.
- A police agency’s administrative activities fall into three broad categories:
- Line Operations.
- Administrative Support.
- Auxiliary Services.
- Activities that serve the public and the goals of the organization directly are usually lumped under a title such as:
Line Operations.
- Activities that serve the agency’s needs and have very little direct impact on the community or residents come under the title:
Administrative Support.
- Hiring, training, budgeting, and internal affairs, are administrative activities that fall under this category.
Administrative Support.
- Activities in this category are not typically outsourced.
Administrative Support.
- Activities that support line operations are sometimes known as:
Auxiliary Services.
23.Some of these services can be outsourced.
Auxiliary Services.
- These services typically include records maintenance, property and evidence management, forensic lab services, detention, alcohol testing, facilities and equipment maintenance, and coordination of volunteers.
Auxiliary Services.
