Chapter 1 - Models of Justice

Question 1

What are the five models of criminal justice?

Answer 1

Crime control, welfare, justice, community change, restorative justice.

Question 2

What is the main tenet of crime control?

Answer 2

The state and the courts have the responsibility and authority to restore and maintain social order.

Question 3

On what side of the spectrum is crime control?

Answer 3

Extreme right, very conservative.

Question 4

How is social order maintained from a crime control standpoint?

Answer 4

By punishing offenders.

Question 5

Where does the crime control perspective believe crime comes from?

Answer 5

Free will - individuals choose to commit crimes.

Question 6

What is the orientation of crime control?

Answer 6

Collective - the state has an obligation to repress crime through punishment, denunciation, and deterrence.

Question 7

What is the criminal justice response according to the crime control perspective?

Answer 7

There is no need for legal safeguards, those who are innocent would be screened out by the process.

Question 8

What analogy can be used to describe the crime control perspective on justice response?

Answer 8

It’s like an assembly line, process as many cases as quickly as possible - just get them through the system.

Question 9

What side of the spectrum is the welfare perspective?

Answer 9

The left end. Liberal.

Question 10

What is the main tenet of welfare crime perspective?

Answer 10

The treatment needs of the offender/victim’s families.

Question 11

Where does the welfare perspective believe causes crime?

Answer 11

They take a deterministic view; crime is a function of social/psychological forces.

Question 12

What is the orientation of the welfare perspective?

Answer 12

Individualistic; crime is just a manifestation of underlying issues for which the offenders need treatment.

Question 13

What is the criminal justice response from the welfare perspective?

Answer 13

The state has an obligation to look beyond the criminal behaviour and to provide treatment/intervention to address underlying issues.

Question 14

What are some examples of the welfare justice perspective?

Answer 14

Big brother/big sister programs, drug court.

Question 15

Where does the justice model of justice lie on the spectrum?

Answer 15

Towards the right end of the continuum; it is a variation of crime control.

Question 16

What does the justice model, much like the crime control model, seek to achieve?

Answer 16

Deterrence.

Question 17

Where does the justice model differ from the crime control model? What does it do differently?

Answer 17

It recognizes that the system can make mistakes, and so it strives to make sure there is equality and fairness in the law.

Question 18

What is the main tenet of the justice model?

Answer 18

The state has limited authority to intervene in individuals’ lives; the system’s actions must be based on consent as much as possible.

Question 19

What does the justice model believe causes crime?

Answer 19

Free-will; individuals choose to commit crime and are, therefore, responsible for their actions.

Question 20

How is the justice model oriented?

Answer 20

Individualistic - the state has a responsibility to repress crime but with the recognition that, due to errors, legal safeguards are necessary (e.g., due process).

Question 21

What is the justice model’s response to crime?

Answer 21

Organized around an adversarial approach; the rights of the public and the accused must be protected.

Question 22

If the crime-control model is analogous to an assembly line, the justice model is more of a what?

Answer 22

More of an obstacle course than an assembly line; this ensures that people go through due process and only the guilty are convicted.

Question 23

Where on the spectrum does the community change model lie?

Answer 23

Towards the left end; close if not more left than the welfare model.

Question 24

What does the community change model focus on?

Answer 24

What they consider the root causes of crime: such as social and economic inequalities.

Question 25

What is the difference between the welfare model and the community change model?

Answer 25

Welfare focuses on the individual and the specific needs of the individual, the community change model focuses on problems in the community and in society that contribute to crime.

Question 26

What is the main tenet of the community change model?

Answer 26

Community well-being, including the prevention of crime, is the responsibility of the entire community.

Question 27

What does the community change model believe causes crime?

Answer 27

They take a deterministic view - social and economic factors cause crime.

Question 28

What is the orientation of the community change model?

Answer 28

They are collectivist; society, rather than the individual, is responsible for the criminal behaviour and its consequences.

Question 29

What is the community change model’s response to crime?

Answer 29

Focusing on the changing social processes that lead to crime.

Question 30

What is an example of community change?

Answer 30

Affordable housing.

Question 31

What does restorative justice focus on?

Answer 31

Healing the relationships that have been harmed by crime.

Question 32

What is the main tenet of restorative justice?

Answer 32

Crime impacts not only the victim and the offender, but the broader community as well. Less about the law that was broken, and more about the harm to the community caused by the crime.

Question 33

What does restorative justice believe causes crime?

Answer 33

Neither free-will nor determinism - all individuals are responsible for preventing crime and for repairing harm when crime does happen.

Question 34

How is the restorative justice model oriented?

Answer 34

Collectivist; the community has to be able to hold the offender accountable, they have to be able to empower and protect the safety of the community, and they have to rehabilitate offenders.

Question 35

What is the restorative justice response to crime?

Answer 35

1) The offender must acknowledge the harm they have done.
2) The offender must also be willing to make restitution and to heal the harms.
3) The community must be willing to work toward the rehabilitation and reintegration of the offender.