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SOC 327 > Ch. 12 - Populations in Focus > Flashcards

Ch. 12 - Populations in Focus Flashcards

1
Q

Who does CSC consider to be “older” offenders?

A

Those over the age of 50.

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2
Q

What proportion of inmates are older offenders?

A

Approximately 1 in 5.

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3
Q

Is the proportion of older offenders increasing or decreasing?

A

Increasing because of the aging population.

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4
Q

What should we expect from an aging population? Why is it not the case?

A

We would expect a reduction in crime rates, but older offenders are more likely to commit crimes like sexual assault and DUI, so it balances out.

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5
Q

What percentage of older offenders were incarcerated while low? What is their risk for recidivism?

A

10%, they have a low rate of recidivism.

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6
Q

What percentage of older offenders have been in and out of prison their entire lives?

A

17%; prison is clearly not a deterrent.

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7
Q

What percentage of older offenders are serving their first prison sentence?

A

73%

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8
Q

What are some issues for older offenders?

A

Physical health and social/safety challenges.

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9
Q

What are some physical health concerns for older offenders? (5)

A

The aging process is accelerated in prison; older offenders are more likely to experience chronic health problems and experience them earlier; mobility issues; sensory impairments; and palliative (end of life) care.

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10
Q

How much older do prison inmates often seem?

A

10 years older than their actual age.

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11
Q

What are contributing factors to the physical health issues faced by older offenders?

A

Poor diet, substance use and abuse, etc.

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12
Q

What sort of social/safety challenges might older offenders face?

A

They may experience stresses of incarceration; may be threatened by younger offenders; there is a lack of appropriate programming.

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13
Q

What are some reasons that older offenders may be targeted by younger offenders?

A

They can’t or won’t fight back.

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14
Q

What recommendations for older offenders were made by a CSC focus group?

A

More appropriate programming, appropriately trained staff, a new prison design, development of a strategy.

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15
Q

What has been done to implement the recommendations for older offenders?

A

Very little.

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16
Q

What percentage of provincial and federal inmates are women?

A

12% of provincial; 6% of federal.

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17
Q

What is the fastest growing prison population in the world?

A

Women.

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18
Q

Where were female inmates first housed?

A

Kingston Penitentiary.

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19
Q

Which women’s prison was opened in 1934 and when did it shut down?

A

Prison for Women (P4W) closed in 2000.

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20
Q

Prior to P4W, women were what?

A

Correctional afterthoughts.

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21
Q

What were some issues with P4W?

A

Women were moved away from their families; they couldn’t really access targeted programs; women were often abused.

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22
Q

What scandal involving P4W occurred in 1994?

A

There was a violent confrontation between inmates and correctional staff. Cell extraction teams were sent in and strip searched 8 women. The video tape then got leaked.

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23
Q

What did the Creating Choices (1990) report recommend?

A

The opening of regional, multi-level institutions.

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24
Q

What institutions came out of the Creating Choices report?

A

Five multi-level institutions and a healing lodge.

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25
Q

What were the key principles of the Creating Choices institutions?

A

Empowerment, meaningful and responsible choices, respect and dignity, supportive environment, and shared responsibilities.

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26
Q

Female offenders typically commit what types of crimes?

A

Non-violent, property, and drug offences.

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27
Q

Who are more likely to be unemployed on admission to corrections? Men or women?

A

Women.

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28
Q

What proportion of provincial and federal inmates have not completed schooling above grade 9?

A

1/3 of provincial female offenders and 1/2 of federal female offenders.

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29
Q

What proportion of female federal/provincial offenders are aboriginal?

A

25% of female federal offenders; 30% of provincial federal offenders.

30
Q

What proportion of federal female inmates are mothers?

A

2/3.

31
Q

What percentage of federal female inmates report being physically/sexually abused in the past?

A

Up to 90%.

32
Q

What is the estimated percentage of female offenders who abuse substances?

A

90%.

33
Q

What is a possible explanation for the high rate of substance abuse among female offenders?

A

As a coping mechanism for previous abuse.

34
Q

What are the HIV infection rates for male and female offenders?

A

1.6% for men, 3.6% for women.

35
Q

What percentage of female offender engage in self-injurious behaviour?

A

Almost 25%.

36
Q

How much more likely are female offenders to be diagnosed with depression?

A

3 times more likely than men.

37
Q

What percentage of transgendered inmates have previously worked in the sex trade?

A

40%

38
Q

What percentage of transgender inmates are HIV positive?

A

60-80%

39
Q

When can inmates be recognized as transgender?

A

When they have been assessed and diagnosed by an expert in gender identity disorder.

40
Q

What is the corrections policy on hormone therapy?

A

Inmates may initiate or continue with HRT and are permitted to cross dress.

41
Q

Where are pre-operative transgenders incarcerated?

A

In housing consistent with birth sex.

42
Q

What is the relationship between offenders and the general population’s substance abuse patterns?

A

They mirror each other, but offenders’ problems are often more frequent and more serious.

43
Q

What percentage of crimes are attributed to alcohol or illicit substances?

A

40-50%.

44
Q

What percentage of federal offenders have been convicted of a drug offence?

A

25%

45
Q

What is considered to be a key predictor of recidivism?

A

Substance abuse.

46
Q

What are some issues raised by substance use in prison?

A

Detoxification on admission, treatment, security, and safety.

47
Q

Approximately how many dangerous offenders are there in Canada?

A

500

48
Q

What percentage of dangerous offenders represent sexual offences?

A

70%

49
Q

For which sex is the bar lower for to be considered a sexual offender?

A

Females.

50
Q

What are the differences in treatment for offenders held in segregation?

A

They cannot participate in regular programming; it must take into account the lengthy nature of their sentences.

51
Q

What percentage of provincial and federal inmates have sexual assault as their most serious offence?

A

4.3% of provincial inmates; 10.4% of federal inmates.

52
Q

Why are prison populations not representative of actual sexual assault rates?

A

Because sexual assault is the most underreported crime.

53
Q

What percentage of sex offenders are women?

A

4-5%

54
Q

Which gendered sex offenders have the lower recidivism rate?

A

Females.

55
Q

What does the National Sex Offender Program focus on? How does it do this? (4)

A

Self-management by addressing cognitive dissertations, deviant arousal and fantasy, anger and emotion management, empathy and victim awareness.

56
Q

Which class of offenders are the most disliked, both in and out of prison?

A

Sex offenders; they often request segregation.

57
Q

Why is reintegration especially challenging for sex offenders?

A

Stigmatization, employment difficulties, barriers specific to the nature of the offence.

58
Q

On admission to a federal institution, what percentage of male and female offenders are mentally ill?

A

13% of male offenders; 29% of female offenders.

59
Q

How should the numbers on mentally ill offenders be viewed?

A

As underestimated.

60
Q

What is federal policy on psychological services?

A

Assessment and treatment must be provided; all offenders are screened on intake.

61
Q

What must all prison psychological assessments be?

A

Gender and culture sensitive.

62
Q

If treatment for a psychological disorder is warranted, will it definitely happen?

A

No.

63
Q

What are particular issues for concern when it comes to mental illness?

A

Self-injurious behaviour and suicide.

64
Q

What does the corrections system often do wrong when dealing with self-injurious behaviour?

A

They treat it as a matter of security, rather than a mental health concern, and the offender ends up being punished rather than helped.

65
Q

What was deinstitutionalization?

A

The release of large numbers of institutionalized patients and their subsequent placement and care in the community.

66
Q

By the mid 1980s, what was the percentage change in institutionalized offenders?

A

75%

67
Q

What was the intent of deinstitutionalization?

A

To put patients in the community and use the money that was being used to upkeep institutions to treat the patients.

68
Q

What was the ultimate result of deinstitutionalization?

A

The criminalization of mental illness and the downloading of responsibility for mental illness to courts and corrections.

69
Q

What percentage of federal offenders are aboriginal? What percentage of the Canadian adult population are aboriginal?

A

18% of federal offenders; 2.8% of the Canadian adult population.

70
Q

How are aboriginal offenders treated differently throughout the corrections system?

A

They are more likely to be classified as high risk and high need; to be released later in their sentences; to serve full sentences; to have their conditional release revoked; or to have a previous sentence.

71
Q

What did the Gladue decision determine?

A

That courts must take into account colonialist actions targeting aboriginal peoples.

72
Q

What did the Corrections and Conditional Release Act (1992) allow for?

A

For aboriginal involvement in the development of correctional services, policies, and programs.

SOC 327 (19 decks)

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