Chapter 1, Lesson 8: Sugar Tax (Grammar) Flashcards
因…导致（的）
‘the…which is caused by…’
因⋯导致的 modi-fies the consequence that follows.
The structure of this pattern is ‘因 + cause + 导致的 + negative result’.
i.e. 因长期失眠导致的高血压一直困扰着他
据（调查/报告/统计/数据）显示
‘according to, based on, in the light of…’(survey/ report/ data).
据 is short for 根据, meaning ‘according to’, ‘based on’. It is often followed by investigations, reports, statistics, data etc. 显示 is ‘to display’, ‘to show’ or ‘to demonstrate’. It is often followed by the findings of the research quoted, sometimes accompanied by numerical data.
i.e. 据数据显示，30至40岁的已婚夫妇想要二胎的只有3成。
迫使…更…
‘force…(to do/ be) more…’
迫使 has the meaning of making someone do something differently or against their original intention through uncontrollable external force or oppression. 更 is ‘more’, e.g.更努力 ‘harder’, 更好 ‘better’ 更糟 ‘worse’ etc.
i.e. 学生的呼声迫使校方采取更严密的安保措施，以保证校园的安全。
采用 A替代 B
‘to replace B with A’
采用 is ‘to use’ or ‘to adopt’, 替代 is ‘to replace’ or ‘to substitute’. 采用may be simplified as 用. Both 采用 and 用 mean ‘to use’ in English. 采 is ‘to select’, 采用 literally means in Chinese ‘to be selected to use’. It is often followed by 方法 ‘methods’, 方案 ‘plans’, 理论 ‘theories’, 政策 ‘policies’ etc. Another Chinese word 代替 has similar meaning to 替代, though 代替 is a temporary replacement while 替代 is a permanent one.
i.e. 为了保护环境，我们商店决定在包装上采用纸袋替代塑料袋。
危害vs.损害
危害（wēihài）
refers to harm or danger that poses a threat to safety or well-being, implies potential or actual threat that can cause serious consequences.
损害（sǔnhài）
refers to actual damage or detriment to someone or something, and can describe both physical and abstract damage e.g. reputation or ones rights.)
i.e. 损害公司利益 – To damage the company’s interests.
风险 vs.危险
风险（fēngxiǎn）
refers to risk or possibility of loss (or harm) in a situation, and implies uncertainty about potential outcomes which can either be negative or positive.
危险（wēixiǎn）
refers to danger (a situation where harm or injury is likely, with a focus on the presence of a hazard or threat to safety or well-being. –> immediate physical or situational danger.
这里很危险，请注意安全 – This place is dangerous; please be careful.
标注vs.标记
标注（biāozhù）
refers to annotating or labelling something, emphasises descriptive or explanatory content.
标记（biāojì）
refers to marking or tagging something to make it more recognisable. Typically simple marks without additional details.
i.e. 地图上标记出学校的位置– Mark the location of the school on the map.
严峻 vs.严重
严峻（yánjùn）
refers to a challenging or grim situation, implying difficulty, pressure and urgency.
Describes external circumstances like challenges, crises, or conditions.
严重（yánzhòng）
refers to something serious, critical or grave (consequences or impact), with emphasis on negative effects or consequences of an issue.
Describes both situations and the results of actions, focusing on seriousness and impact.
他的病情很严重 – His illness is very serious. (Describes the serious consequences caused by his sickness.)
警示vs.警告
警示（jǐngshì）
refers to a reminder or caution, intended to alert someone to potential risks or dangers. Serves as a precautionary notice, rather than a direct reprimand. (Neutral tone).
警告（jǐnggào）
refers to formal or explicit warnings, often as a reprimand or caution about unacceptable behaviour.
i.e. 老师警告他不能再迟到 – The teacher warned him not to be late again.
其
其（代词）用于第三人称，指代“他/她/它”或“他的/她的/它的”。
The pronoun “其” is used for the third person, referring to “he,” “she,” or “it,” or indicating possession as “his,” “her,” or “its.”
i.e. 仅仅一瓶可乐或者一杯奶茶，其其糖分就已超过了全天的摄入量。（其：它的）
则
则（连词）表示承接关系。译为“就”或“便”，或译为“原来是”或“已经是”所连接的后一部分是对前一部分的说明或解释。还可译为“有”，“就是”，“就是因为”等，或随上下文灵活译出。
The conjunction “则” indicates a sequential relationship. It can be translated as “then” or “thus,” or as “turns out to be” or “already is.” The latter part connected by “则” often serves as an explanation or elaboration of the former part. It can also be translated as “is,” “exactly is,” or “precisely because,” among other meanings, depending on the context. Its translation should be adapted flexibly based on the surrounding text.
i.e. 仅仅一瓶可乐或者一杯奶茶，其其糖分就已超过了全天的摄入量。（其：它的）
所
所所（助词）是“所有”，“全部”，“一切”的意思（所+名词），如：所有人；所有事；所有用品.
The word “所” (auxiliary word) means “all,” “entire,” or “everything” when used in the structure “所 + noun”. Examples include:
“所有人” (all people)
“所有事” (everything)
“所有用品” (all supplies).
i.e. 所征得的税收全部用于发展英国的小学教育。（所：所有）
并
并（副词）加强否定语气。放在“不”，“没有”，“未”，“无”，“非”等前边，常用在表示转折的句子中，如：否定某种看法，或者跟预想结果不一致时，对真实情况加以说明。
The word “并” (adverb) strengthens the negative tone. It is placed before words like “不” (not), “没有” (not have), “未” (not yet), “无” (without), or “非” (not). It is often used in sentences that express contrast, such as negating a certain viewpoint or explaining a real situation when it does not align with the expected result.
i.e. 软饮料并并不是必需品。—肥胖问题并并没有得到真正解决。
可
可（助词）表示“可以”或“可能”也有“允许”的意思。“可”还可以用作副词。
The word “可” (auxiliary word) can indicate “can” or “may” and also conveys the meaning of “permission.” Additionally, “可” can be used as an adverb.
i.e. 征收“糖税”可可引导这一群体改变消费习惯。（可：可以）
