1 - LECTURE Flashcards by 횐호 강

It is the field of the biology focusing on composition, structure, and interactions of cellular molecules

Molecular Biology

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Emphasis is given to proteins and nucleic acids as both are essential for cellular function and maintenance

Molecular Biology

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They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or substances the yield such compounds on hydrolysis

Carbohydrates

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3 major types of classes of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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Composed of one carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

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Composed of more than two carbohydrates

Oligosaccharides

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Composed of hundreds or thousands of monomers carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

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Carbohydrates monomer, most abundant biomolecule on earth

Glycans

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one of the product of glycogen

Glucose 6 Phosphate

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Main energy source of the cell

Glucose

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First step in glycolysis

Glucose

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Animals store their energy as

Glycogen

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Plants store their energy as

Starch

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Energy reserves

Starch and Glycogen

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Carbohydrates can be used as support for

cellulose and lining in plants
chitin in fungi and insects
peptidoglycan in some bacteria and algae
glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix

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Slime and mucous primary components

carbohydrates

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carbohydrates can be covalently bond to _______ and remain at the surface of the cell

protein and lipids

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Glycoproteins can be used to

Identify different cells

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Example of glycoproteins as cell differentiation

ABO blood system

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Biologically diverse in their form specific to their function, but they have insolubility in water as a common characteristic

Lipids

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Types of lipids

Storage lipids
Structural lipids
Lipids as signals
Cofactors and Pigments

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Lipids that is made up of fats and oils used as energy

Fatty acid derivatives

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Fatty acids are _____derivatives

Hydrocarbon derivatives

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Are fatty acids esters of glycerol that works as insulation

Triacylglycerols

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White spaces are products of

Triacyglycerols

Esters of long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long chain alcohol

Biological Waxes

Saturated fatty acid chains as biological waxes

C 13-16

Biological waxes used as

Water repellant Water loss protection coating Protection of plants from parasites Cosmetic and pharmaceutical

Unsaturated fatty acids chain as biological waxes

C16-30

Lipids are found in

Biological membranes

Acts as a barrier to passage of polar molecules and ions

Double layer lipids (Phospholipid bilayer)

Membrane lipids are ______

Amphipathic

Polar group of lipids

Phosphate and glycerol

Hydrophobic part of lipid bilayer

Fatty acid tail/ Hydrocarbon

Different structural proteins/ transmembrane proteins that are found in your plasma membrane

Mosaic

Other functions of lipids (active roles)

Signals/ Ligands Enzymes cofactors Pigment molecules

Lipid that is used for signaling

Arachidonic acid

Precursors of many eicosanoids

Arachidonic acid

Stimulates the smooth muscle contraction in the uterus Affect the sleep awake cycle Causes the fever and inflammation Affects responsiveness of some cells to hormones

Prostaglandin

Example of hormones effected by Prostaglandin

Epinephrine and Glucagon

Produced by the platelets that acts as in formation of blood clots Reducing a blood flow to site of blood clot

Thromboxanes

First found in leukocytes They contain the 3 conjugated double bonds that acts as biological signals

Leukotrienes

Induces the contraction of smooth muscle in lung airways

Leukotrienes D4??

Too much Leukotrienes D4??? can cause

Asthmatic attacks

Linear eicosanoids whose distinguishing feature is presence of several hydroxyl groups in its chain compounds that are potent in anti inflammatory agent

Lipoxins

These are composed of amino acids They are involved in multiple biological processes One of the most abundant biomolecules

Protein

Humans use how many amino acids

Amino acid basic structure

Amino group Alpha carbon that is surrounded by a carboxyl group Side chain Hydrogen

Help determines the structure or how a protein would fold

R group

Are chains of amino acids joined together by peptides bonds

Peptides

Polypeptide and Proteins are interchangeable terms in what weight

10,000 MW

Example of proteins found in the light of fireflies

Luciferin being broken down by Luciferase

Proteins found in hemoglobin

Erythrocytes

Reporter gene used in molecular biology

Luciferase

Protein found in the horns, hooves, nails

Keratin

Kinds of proteins

Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary

It is important in signaling the process in cells requiring calcium ions

Calmodulin

Example of hormones that are small in size Specialized techniques are used when detecting the hormones as attributed to their small size

insulin

Breaks down protein to amino acids

Chymotrypsin

Important in pyrimidine synthesis Largest protein

Aspartate transcarbamoylase

The energy currency in metabolic transactions Essential chemical links in the response of cells to hormones and other extracellular stimuli Structural components of an array of enzymes, cofactors and metabolic intermediates Constituents of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

Living things definitions

Inanimate chemical structures Capable of many different things that are impossible Made up of complex structures Extract energy, transform and make use of energy that they can find from environment Are able to replicate and assemble themselves

Non living things definitions

Not capable of many different things that are impossible Made up of simple structures Does not extract energy, transform and make use of energy that they can find from environment Are not able to replicate and assemble themselves