2.3 NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards
1
Q
Key Event in 1865
A
Mendel’s Law of Heredity
2
Q
Key Event in 1866
A
Johanns Miescher, Purification of DNA
3
Q
Key Event in 1949
A
Sickle Cell Anemia mutation was first studied
4
Q
Key Event in 1953
A
Watson and Crick’s DNA structure
5
Q
Key Event in 1970
A
Recombinant DNA technology
6
Q
Key Event in 1977
A
DNA sequencing
7
Q
Key Event in 1985
A
In vitro amplification of DNA (PCR)
8
Q
Key Event in 2001
A
The human genome project
9
Q
The building blocks of DNA and RNA
A
Nucleic Acids
10
Q
3 functional groups of nucleotides
A
Nitrogenous Base
Pentose Sugar
Phosphate groups
11
Q
Nucleic acids are made up of?
A
Long chains or strands or monomers of Nucleotides
12
Q
Main function of Nucleic acids
A
store and transmit the genetic information from the DNA to become protein
13
Q
Two types of Nucleic Acids
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid
14
Q
Two types of nitrogenous bases
A
Purine Pyrimidine
15
Q
Nitrogenous base made up of double ring structures
A
Purine
16
Q
Purine examples
A
Guanine and Adenine
17
Q
Nitrogenous base made up of single ring structures
A
Pyrimidines
18
Q
Pyrimidine examples
A
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
19
Q
Nitrogenous base found only in DNA
A
Thymine
20
Q
Nitrogenous base found only in RNA
A
Uracil
21
Q
Building block of the nucleic acid
A
Pentose sugar
22
Q
Purpose of the 1st carbon in the pentose sugar
A
Hold the nitrogenous bases
23
Q
Purpose of the 2nd carbon in the pentose sugar
A
Determines whether it is Deoxyribose or Ribose
24
Q
What accessory is attached to the second carbon if the pentose sugar is a Deoxyribose?
A
Hydrogen group (H)
25
What accessory is attached to the second carbon if the pentose sugar is a Ribose?
Hydroxyl group (OH)
26
Purpose of the 3rd carbon in the pentose sugar
Attaches to the succeeding nucleotides with the phosphodiester bond
27
How to check if it is a deoxyribose or ribose other than the attachment
difference of nucleotide to nucleoside
If it is phosphorylated
28
Phosphorylated sugar is a monomer of
Nucleotide
29
Unphosphorylated sugar is a monomer of
Nucleoside
30
This end of the DNA always end with a free phosphate group
5'
31
This end of the DNA is the free sugar
3'
32
Usually found in nucleus and are found in the mitochondria
Macromolecule of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen atoms
DNA
33
Rule that base pairs follows
Chargaff's rule
34
Chargaff's rule states that
Adenine with Thymine
Cytosine with Guanine
35
The formation of hydrogen bonds between two complementary strand of DNA is called
hybridization
36
More stable pair in the base pairs
Guanine and cytosine
37
Mechanisms of nitrogenous bases in order to prevent water
Decrease
38
Bond which joins the two strands
Hydrogen bond
39
Direction of reading DNA pairs
5' to 3'
40
Enzyme responsible for polymerizing the nucleotide chains
DNA polymerase
41
How do we read the template strand
3' to 5'
42
This unzips the DNA strand
Helicase
43
This will bind to the strand in order to prevent rebinding of unwound strands
Single Stranded Binding Proteins
44
Site where the helicase separates the strand
Replication Fork
45
Placed in front of the replication fork that prevents the supercoiling of the DNA
Topoisomerase
46
Important to produce RNA primer
It is only possible if it toward the replication fork
Primase
47
Primase activates what
DNA polymerase 3
48
Responsible for adding the nucleotide bases to the daughter strand
DNA polymerase 3
49
Helps to connect okazaki fragments
DNA ligase
50
Direction of daughter strand synthesis
5' to 3'
51
Enzymes for degradation of DNA
Restriction enzymes
52
Types of restriction enzymes
Nucleases/ DNAses
53
Types of Nucleases
Exonucleases and Endonucleases
54
It degrades the DNA from its end, either the 5' to 3'
Exonucleases
55
Degrades in the middle, it is used if you want to insert a new sequence or cut them in the middle part. And to identify a recognition site of endonuclease
Endonuclease
56
Attacks specific sequence of DNA
Restriction enzymes
57
Restriction enzyme endonucleases types
1-3
58
Action of type 1 restriction enzyme endonucleases
Random Cut
59
Important for molecular studies
Type 2 restriction endonucleases
60
Type 3 Restriction endonuclease action
Non specific cut
61
Type 2 Restriction endonuclease action
Specific cut
62
Adds methyl group to self nucleic acid so that it wont be degraded by Restriction enzymes
Methyltransferase enzyme
63
Mixture and assembly of new genetic combinations
Recombination (sexual reproduction)
64
Recombination of asexual organisms
Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation
65
Needs contact to have genetic exchange
Conjugation
66
Uses carrier to give genetic material from donor to receiver
Transduction
67
Useful in modern day recombination techniques
Transformation
68
Double stranded circles of 2,000-100,000 bp in size
carry genetic information
were found to be a source of resistant phenotypes in multidrug bacteria
carry antibiotic-resistant gene
very short sequence
Plasmids
69
Single stranded whose main purpose is to translate the dna to become proteins
Ribonucleic acid
70
Nitrogen bases in RNA
Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
71
Types of RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Small nuclear RNA
72
Largest component of the cellular RNA 80%-90% of total cellular RNA
Ribosomal RNA
73
Three rRNA in prokaryotes
16s 23s 5s (sedimentation coefficient)
74
rRNA species in prokaryotes that is considered as the pre-ribosomal RNA
catalytic routes and structural routes
Single 45s precursor RNA
75
In prokaryotes, mRNA are simultaneously synthesized and translated into protein and it is also termed as
polycistronic
76
Eukaryotic mRNA is
monocistronic
77
In eukaryotes, synthesis and translation of mRNA are separated with
Nuclear membrane barrier
78
Translation of information from nucleic to acid to protein requires reading of mRNA by ribosomes, using adaptor molecules also called as
Transfer RNA
79
tRNA size
73-93 bases
24,000-31,000 MW
80
Responsible for carrying individual amino acids to the ribosome where they will be joined together by peptide bonds to make protein
contains UAG
tRNA
81
function in splicing in eukaryotes
sediment in a range of 6-8S
found only in nucleus
catalytic or structural only
Small Nuclear RNA
82
Unsaturated RNA molecules
sRNAs
83
non coding RNA
ncRNA
84
This is the copying of information from DNA to mRNA
Transcription
85
copying of one strand of DNA into RNA by a process of similar to that of DNA replication
Gene expression
86
Three types of RNA polymerase
pol I-III
87
most useful coding RNA polymerase
pol II
88
cellular location of pol I
Nucleolus
89
cellular location of pol II
Nucleus
90
cellular location of pol III
Nucleus
91
Products of pol I
18s
5.8s
28s
rRNA
92
Products of pol II
mRNA
snRNA
93
Products of pol III
tRNA
5s
rRNA
94
a-Amanitin of pol I
Insensitive
95
a-Amanitin of pol II
Inhibited
96
a-Amanitin of pol III
Inhibited by high concentration
97
Other RNA metabolizing enzymes
Ribonucleases:
Endoribonucleases - middle
Exoribonucleases - end
RNA helicases
98
catalyze the unwinding of double stranded DNA
RNA helicases
99
DNA double helix that carries genes seen during cell division
Chromosomes
100
chromosome structure usually observed in cells
Chromatin threads
101
chromosome structure observed in dividing cell
X shapes
102
Individual collection of the chromosomes used to check abnormalities
Karyotype
