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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > 2.3 NUCLEIC ACIDS > Flashcards

2.3 NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

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1
Q

Key Event in 1865

A

Mendel’s Law of Heredity

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2
Q

Key Event in 1866

A

Johanns Miescher, Purification of DNA

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3
Q

Key Event in 1949

A

Sickle Cell Anemia mutation was first studied

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4
Q

Key Event in 1953

A

Watson and Crick’s DNA structure

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5
Q

Key Event in 1970

A

Recombinant DNA technology

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6
Q

Key Event in 1977

A

DNA sequencing

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7
Q

Key Event in 1985

A

In vitro amplification of DNA (PCR)

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8
Q

Key Event in 2001

A

The human genome project

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9
Q

The building blocks of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic Acids

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10
Q

3 functional groups of nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous Base
Pentose Sugar
Phosphate groups

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11
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of?

A

Long chains or strands or monomers of Nucleotides

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12
Q

Main function of Nucleic acids

A

store and transmit the genetic information from the DNA to become protein

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13
Q

Two types of Nucleic Acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid

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14
Q

Two types of nitrogenous bases

A

Purine Pyrimidine

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15
Q

Nitrogenous base made up of double ring structures

A

Purine

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16
Q

Purine examples

A

Guanine and Adenine

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17
Q

Nitrogenous base made up of single ring structures

A

Pyrimidines

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18
Q

Pyrimidine examples

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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19
Q

Nitrogenous base found only in DNA

A

Thymine

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20
Q

Nitrogenous base found only in RNA

A

Uracil

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21
Q

Building block of the nucleic acid

A

Pentose sugar

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22
Q

Purpose of the 1st carbon in the pentose sugar

A

Hold the nitrogenous bases

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23
Q

Purpose of the 2nd carbon in the pentose sugar

A

Determines whether it is Deoxyribose or Ribose

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24
Q

What accessory is attached to the second carbon if the pentose sugar is a Deoxyribose?

A

Hydrogen group (H)

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25
Q

What accessory is attached to the second carbon if the pentose sugar is a Ribose?

A

Hydroxyl group (OH)

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26
Q

Purpose of the 3rd carbon in the pentose sugar

A

Attaches to the succeeding nucleotides with the phosphodiester bond

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27
Q

How to check if it is a deoxyribose or ribose other than the attachment

difference of nucleotide to nucleoside

A

If it is phosphorylated

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28
Q

Phosphorylated sugar is a monomer of

A

Nucleotide

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29
Q

Unphosphorylated sugar is a monomer of

A

Nucleoside

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30
Q

This end of the DNA always end with a free phosphate group

A

5’

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31
Q

This end of the DNA is the free sugar

A

3’

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32
Q

Usually found in nucleus and are found in the mitochondria

Macromolecule of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and hydrogen atoms

A

DNA

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33
Q

Rule that base pairs follows

A

Chargaff’s rule

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34
Q

Chargaff’s rule states that

A

Adenine with Thymine
Cytosine with Guanine

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35
Q

The formation of hydrogen bonds between two complementary strand of DNA is called

A

hybridization

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36
Q

More stable pair in the base pairs

A

Guanine and cytosine

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37
Q

Mechanisms of nitrogenous bases in order to prevent water

A

Decrease

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38
Q

Bond which joins the two strands

A

Hydrogen bond

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39
Q

Direction of reading DNA pairs

A

5’ to 3’

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40
Q

Enzyme responsible for polymerizing the nucleotide chains

A

DNA polymerase

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41
Q

How do we read the template strand

A

3’ to 5’

42
Q

This unzips the DNA strand

A

Helicase

43
Q

This will bind to the strand in order to prevent rebinding of unwound strands

A

Single Stranded Binding Proteins

44
Q

Site where the helicase separates the strand

A

Replication Fork

45
Q

Placed in front of the replication fork that prevents the supercoiling of the DNA

A

Topoisomerase

46
Q

Important to produce RNA primer

It is only possible if it toward the replication fork

A

Primase

47
Q

Primase activates what

A

DNA polymerase 3

48
Q

Responsible for adding the nucleotide bases to the daughter strand

A

DNA polymerase 3

49
Q

Helps to connect okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

50
Q

Direction of daughter strand synthesis

A

5’ to 3’

51
Q

Enzymes for degradation of DNA

A

Restriction enzymes

52
Q

Types of restriction enzymes

A

Nucleases/ DNAses

53
Q

Types of Nucleases

A

Exonucleases and Endonucleases

54
Q

It degrades the DNA from its end, either the 5’ to 3’

A

Exonucleases

55
Q

Degrades in the middle, it is used if you want to insert a new sequence or cut them in the middle part. And to identify a recognition site of endonuclease

A

Endonuclease

56
Q

Attacks specific sequence of DNA

A

Restriction enzymes

57
Q

Restriction enzyme endonucleases types

A

1-3

58
Q

Action of type 1 restriction enzyme endonucleases

A

Random Cut

59
Q

Important for molecular studies

A

Type 2 restriction endonucleases

60
Q

Type 3 Restriction endonuclease action

A

Non specific cut

61
Q

Type 2 Restriction endonuclease action

A

Specific cut

62
Q

Adds methyl group to self nucleic acid so that it wont be degraded by Restriction enzymes

A

Methyltransferase enzyme

63
Q

Mixture and assembly of new genetic combinations

A

Recombination (sexual reproduction)

64
Q

Recombination of asexual organisms

A

Conjugation
Transduction
Transformation

65
Q

Needs contact to have genetic exchange

A

Conjugation

66
Q

Uses carrier to give genetic material from donor to receiver

A

Transduction

67
Q

Useful in modern day recombination techniques

A

Transformation

68
Q

Double stranded circles of 2,000-100,000 bp in size

carry genetic information

were found to be a source of resistant phenotypes in multidrug bacteria

carry antibiotic-resistant gene

very short sequence

A

Plasmids

69
Q

Single stranded whose main purpose is to translate the dna to become proteins

A

Ribonucleic acid

70
Q

Nitrogen bases in RNA

A

Adenine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

71
Q

Types of RNA

A

Ribosomal RNA
Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Small nuclear RNA

72
Q

Largest component of the cellular RNA 80%-90% of total cellular RNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

73
Q

Three rRNA in prokaryotes

A

16s 23s 5s (sedimentation coefficient)

74
Q

rRNA species in prokaryotes that is considered as the pre-ribosomal RNA

catalytic routes and structural routes

A

Single 45s precursor RNA

75
Q

In prokaryotes, mRNA are simultaneously synthesized and translated into protein and it is also termed as

A

polycistronic

76
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA is

A

monocistronic

77
Q

In eukaryotes, synthesis and translation of mRNA are separated with

A

Nuclear membrane barrier

78
Q

Translation of information from nucleic to acid to protein requires reading of mRNA by ribosomes, using adaptor molecules also called as

A

Transfer RNA

79
Q

tRNA size

A

73-93 bases
24,000-31,000 MW

80
Q

Responsible for carrying individual amino acids to the ribosome where they will be joined together by peptide bonds to make protein

contains UAG

A

tRNA

81
Q

function in splicing in eukaryotes

sediment in a range of 6-8S

found only in nucleus

catalytic or structural only

A

Small Nuclear RNA

82
Q

Unsaturated RNA molecules

A

sRNAs

83
Q

non coding RNA

A

ncRNA

84
Q

This is the copying of information from DNA to mRNA

A

Transcription

85
Q

copying of one strand of DNA into RNA by a process of similar to that of DNA replication

A

Gene expression

86
Q

Three types of RNA polymerase

A

pol I-III

87
Q

most useful coding RNA polymerase

A

pol II

88
Q

cellular location of pol I

A

Nucleolus

89
Q

cellular location of pol II

A

Nucleus

90
Q

cellular location of pol III

A

Nucleus

91
Q

Products of pol I

A

18s
5.8s
28s
rRNA

92
Q

Products of pol II

A

mRNA
snRNA

93
Q

Products of pol III

A

tRNA
5s
rRNA

94
Q

a-Amanitin of pol I

A

Insensitive

95
Q

a-Amanitin of pol II

A

Inhibited

96
Q

a-Amanitin of pol III

A

Inhibited by high concentration

97
Q

Other RNA metabolizing enzymes

A

Ribonucleases:

Endoribonucleases - middle
Exoribonucleases - end

RNA helicases

98
Q

catalyze the unwinding of double stranded DNA

A

RNA helicases

99
Q

DNA double helix that carries genes seen during cell division

A

Chromosomes

100
Q

chromosome structure usually observed in cells

A

Chromatin threads

101
Q

chromosome structure observed in dividing cell

A

X shapes

102
Q

Individual collection of the chromosomes used to check abnormalities

A

Karyotype

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (18 decks)

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