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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > 1 - LECTURE > Flashcards

1 - LECTURE Flashcards

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1
Q

It is the field of the biology focusing on composition, structure, and interactions of cellular molecules

A

Molecular Biology

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2
Q

Emphasis is given to proteins and nucleic acids as both are essential for cellular function and maintenance

A

Molecular Biology

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3
Q

They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or substances the yield such compounds on hydrolysis

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

3 major types of classes of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides

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5
Q

Composed of one carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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6
Q

Composed of more than two carbohydrates

A

Oligosaccharides

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7
Q

Composed of hundreds or thousands of monomers carbohydrates

A

Polysaccharides

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8
Q

Carbohydrates monomer, most abundant biomolecule on earth

A

Glycans

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9
Q

one of the product of glycogen

A

Glucose 6 Phosphate

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10
Q

Main energy source of the cell

A

Glucose

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11
Q

First step in glycolysis

A

Glucose

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12
Q

Animals store their energy as

A

Glycogen

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13
Q

Plants store their energy as

A

Starch

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14
Q

Energy reserves

A

Starch and Glycogen

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15
Q

Carbohydrates can be used as support for

A

cellulose and lining in plants
chitin in fungi and insects
peptidoglycan in some bacteria and algae
glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix

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16
Q

Slime and mucous primary components

A

carbohydrates

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17
Q

carbohydrates can be covalently bond to _______ and remain at the surface of the cell

A

protein and lipids

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18
Q

Glycoproteins can be used to

A

Identify different cells

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19
Q

Example of glycoproteins as cell differentiation

A

ABO blood system

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20
Q

Biologically diverse in their form specific to their function, but they have insolubility in water as a common characteristic

A

Lipids

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21
Q

Types of lipids

A

Storage lipids
Structural lipids
Lipids as signals
Cofactors and Pigments

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22
Q

Lipids that is made up of fats and oils used as energy

A

Fatty acid derivatives

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23
Q

Fatty acids are _____derivatives

A

Hydrocarbon derivatives

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24
Q

Are fatty acids esters of glycerol that works as insulation

A

Triacylglycerols

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25
Q

White spaces are products of

A

Triacyglycerols

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26
Q

Esters of long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long chain alcohol

A

Biological Waxes

27
Q

Saturated fatty acid chains as biological waxes

A

C 13-16

28
Q

Biological waxes used as

A

Water repellant
Water loss protection coating
Protection of plants from parasites
Cosmetic and pharmaceutical

29
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids chain as biological waxes

A

C16-30

30
Q

Lipids are found in

A

Biological membranes

31
Q

Acts as a barrier to passage of polar molecules and ions

A

Double layer lipids (Phospholipid bilayer)

32
Q

Membrane lipids are ______

A

Amphipathic

33
Q

Polar group of lipids

A

Phosphate and glycerol

34
Q

Hydrophobic part of lipid bilayer

A

Fatty acid tail/ Hydrocarbon

35
Q

Different structural proteins/ transmembrane proteins that are found in your plasma membrane

A

Mosaic

36
Q

Other functions of lipids (active roles)

A

Signals/ Ligands
Enzymes cofactors
Pigment molecules

37
Q

Lipid that is used for signaling

A

Arachidonic acid

38
Q

Precursors of many eicosanoids

A

Arachidonic acid

39
Q

Stimulates the smooth muscle contraction in the uterus

Affect the sleep awake cycle

Causes the fever and inflammation

Affects responsiveness of some cells to hormones

A

Prostaglandin

40
Q

Example of hormones effected by Prostaglandin

A

Epinephrine and Glucagon

41
Q

Produced by the platelets that acts as in formation of blood clots

Reducing a blood flow to site of blood clot

A

Thromboxanes

42
Q

First found in leukocytes

They contain the 3 conjugated double bonds that acts as biological signals

A

Leukotrienes

43
Q

Induces the contraction of smooth muscle in lung airways

A

Leukotrienes D4??

44
Q

Too much Leukotrienes D4??? can cause

A

Asthmatic attacks

45
Q

Linear eicosanoids whose distinguishing feature is presence of several hydroxyl groups in its chain

compounds that are potent in anti inflammatory agent

A

Lipoxins

46
Q

These are composed of amino acids

They are involved in multiple biological processes

One of the most abundant biomolecules

A

Protein

47
Q

Humans use how many amino acids

A

20

48
Q

Amino acid basic structure

A

Amino group
Alpha carbon that is surrounded by a carboxyl group
Side chain
Hydrogen

49
Q

Help determines the structure or how a protein would fold

A

R group

50
Q

Are chains of amino acids joined together by peptides bonds

A

Peptides

51
Q

Polypeptide and Proteins are interchangeable terms in what weight

A

10,000 MW

52
Q

Example of proteins found in the light of fireflies

A

Luciferin being broken down by Luciferase

53
Q

Proteins found in hemoglobin

A

Erythrocytes

54
Q

Reporter gene used in molecular biology

A

Luciferase

55
Q

Protein found in the horns, hooves, nails

A

Keratin

56
Q

Kinds of proteins

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

57
Q

It is important in signaling the process in cells requiring calcium ions

A

Calmodulin

58
Q

Example of hormones that are small in size

Specialized techniques are used when detecting the hormones as attributed to their small size

A

insulin

59
Q

Breaks down protein to amino acids

A

Chymotrypsin

60
Q

Important in pyrimidine synthesis

Largest protein

A

Aspartate transcarbamoylase

61
Q

The energy currency in metabolic transactions

Essential chemical links in the response of cells to hormones and other extracellular stimuli

Structural components of an array of enzymes, cofactors and metabolic intermediates

Constituents of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

62
Q

Living things definitions

A

Inanimate chemical structures

Capable of many different things that are impossible

Made up of complex structures

Extract energy, transform and make use of energy that they can find from environment

Are able to replicate and assemble themselves

63
Q

Non living things definitions

A

Not capable of many different things that are impossible

Made up of simple structures

Does not extract energy, transform and make use of energy that they can find from environment

Are not able to replicate and assemble themselves

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (7 decks)

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