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BIOL 230 > Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Physiology

A

the study of the functions of an organism and its constituent parts

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2
Q

what is anatomy

A

the study of body structure
- the function of a body part is a reflection of its structure

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3
Q

Chemical Level

A

Includes atom ( the smallest units of matter) and molecules (two or more atoms joined together, example: DNA, glucose)

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4
Q

what is an atom

A

smallest unit of matter

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5
Q

what are molecules

A

two or more atoms joined together
- example: glucose

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6
Q

Cellular Level

A
  • Molecules combine to form cells (the basic structural and functional units of an organism, capable of performing all life processes)
  • Among many, a few are epithelial cells, connective tissue cells, muscle cells and neurons
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7
Q

what is a tissue

A

group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function

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8
Q

epithelial tissue

A

covers body surfaces, lines cavities,
forms glands

functions: protection, absorption, secretion, filtration, and sensation.

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9
Q

Connective tissue

A

supports and protects body organs, stores energy reserves as fat, helps provide the body with immunity to disease causing agents

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10
Q

Muscle tissue

A

contracts to produce movement, maintain posture and generate heat

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11
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

detects and responds to changes in the body’s external or internal environments

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12
Q

organ (organ level)

A

composed of two or more different types of tissues - has specific functions and usually (but not always) has a recognizable shape
- ex. heart, stomach, liver, lungs

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13
Q

system (system level)

A

also known as an organ system, consists of related organs with a common function
Example: digestive system (organs are the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, small, small intestine)

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14
Q

organism (organismal level)

A

any living individual – totality of all its organ systems functioning together to maintain life
*All of the organ systems of the body collectively form the organism

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15
Q

emergent properties

A

characteristics that arise when multiple components of a system interact, but are not present in the individual components themselves
ex. a students ability to think about the answers to questions on an exam

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16
Q

fill in the blanks: , emotions, thoughts, memories, and intelligence are emergent properties of the brain (____ level) that are not present at lower levels of brain organization such as nervous tissue (_____ level) or individual neurons (______ level)

A

organ, tissue, cellular

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17
Q

Nervous System

A

components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (ex. eyes and ears) functions: generate action potentials, detect changes in body external & internal environment

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18
Q

Muscular System

A

components: Muscles are composed of skeletal muscle tissue – usually attached to bones

functions: produces body movements ( walking), stabilizes body position, generate heat

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19
Q

Skeletal System

A

components: Bones, joints and associated cartilages
functions: supports and protects the body, aids body movement, houses cells

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20
Q

Endocrine System

A

components: Hormone producing glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal), hormone producing cells
functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones

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21
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

components: Heart, blood vessels, blood
functions: The heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries carbon dioxide

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22
Q

Immune System

A

components: Lymphocytes (white blood cells), lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymphoid tissue of the gut
functions: defends body against microbes and foreign substances

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23
Q

Lymphatic System

A

components: Lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, spleen, tonsils, and lymphoid tissue of the gut
functions: drains excess interstitial fluid, returns filtered plasma proteins back to the blood, carry out immune responses, transports dietary lipids

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24
Q

INTEGUMENTARY system

A

components: Skin and associated structures, such as hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil glands
functions: protects body, regulate body temp, eliminate waste

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25
RESPIRATORY system
components: Nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs function: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps in regulating acid-base balance
26
URINARY system
components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra functions: eliminate waste and excess substances in urine, regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluid
27
DIGESTIVE system
components: Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminate solid waste
28
REPRODUCTIVE system
components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (epididymis, vas deferens, and penis in males; fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in females functions: gonads produce gametes (sperm or egg) that unite to form a new organism ,gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes , associated organs transport and store gametes
29
integration
process by which several components work together for a common, unified purpose - integrated activities between components at essentially all levels of organization
30
metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body
31
catabolism
breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components ex. digesting food
32
anabolism
formation of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components ex. building muscle using muscle proteins
33
responsiveness
body ability to detect and respond to challenges
34
example of an internal and external change
a decrease in body temperature represents a change in the internal environment (within the body) turning your head toward the sound of squealing brakes is a response to change in the external environment (outside the body)
35
movement
includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells and tiny structures inside cells - inside the cells, various parts move from one position to another to carry out their functions
36
growth
increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, increase in the number of cells or both
37
diffrentiation
is the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state - a zygote ( fertilized egg) develops into an embryo, and then into a fetus, an infant, a child, and finally an adult
38
stem cells
precursor cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
39
reproduction
refers to: 1. Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement 2. the production of a new individual
40
homeostasis
the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the bodys internal environment - dynamic
41
Dynamic
used to refer to homeostasis because each regulated parameter can change over a narrow range that is compatible with life
42
Steady state
is used to refer to homeostasis because energy is needed to keep the regulated parameter at a relatively constant level
43
Equilibrium
conditions remain constant without the expenditure of energy - Each structure in the body, from the cellular level to the systemic level, contributes in some way to keeping the internal environment of the body within normal limits
44
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
about 2/3 of body fluid (intra = inside), the fluid within cells
45
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
about 1/3 of body fluid (extra = outside) it consists of two components
46
two components of the ECF
1. Interstitial fluid (inter = between) - the fluid that fills the narrow spaces between cells (80%) 2. Plasma: the fluid portion of blood (20%)
47
Internal Environment
conditions inside the body, specifically extracellular fluid (ECF) surrounding cells – regulated by the body to maintain stability (homeostasis) - Interstitial fluid, blood plasma - Controlled by physiological processes like feedback mechanisms
48
External Environment
the space that surrounds the entire body – uncontrolled and varies widely - Includes temperature, humidity, air composition and light - Body interacts with sensory organs, skin and other structures
49
feedback system
is a cycle of events in which a parameter of the internal environment is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on
50
controlled variable
Each monitored parameter ex. body temp, blood pressure, blood glucose level, blood oxygen content
51
stimulus
any distribution that changed a controlled variable
52
three basic components of a feedback system
1. receptor 2. control center 3. effector
53
Receptor (Sensor)
Detects a change in the body (stimulus). Example: Your skin senses it's cold outside
54
Control Center (Brain or Endocrine System)
Decide how to respond. generates output commands when needed Example: Your brain realizes your body temperature is dropping.
55
Effector (Muscle or Gland)
Carries out the response to produce a response or effect that changes a controlled variable Example: Your muscles start shivering to generate heat and warm you up.
56
ex. when your body temperature drops sharply
When your body temperature drops sharply, your brain (control center) sends action potentials (output) to your skeletal muscles (effectors). The result is shivering, which generates heat and raises your body temperature
57
Negative Feedback System
Reverses a change in a controlled variable to bring the body back to normal ex. body temperature regulation If you get too hot, your body sweats to cool down. If you get too cold, your body shivers to warm up
58
Positive Feedback System
Strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled environment - reinforces conditions that do not happen very often
59
feedforward control
Events occur in anticipation of a change in a controlled variable suppose you feel hungry: * If you see, smell, or think about food during this time, a feedforward mechanism causes your mouth to salivate and your stomach to secrete gastric juice
60
disorder
any abnormality of structure or function
61
disease
more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
62
signs
objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure such as swelling, fever, high blood pressure or paralysis
63
symptoms
subjective changes in the body functions that are not apparent to an observer such as a headache, nausea, anxiety

BIOL 230 (15 decks)

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