ch 15

Question 2

What is the inner layer of all blood vessels called?

Answer 2

Endothelium

Question 3

What surrounds the endothelium of blood vessels?

Answer 3

Basement Membrane

Question 4

What are the two types of connective tissue found in blood vessels?

Answer 4

• Elastic connective tissue
• Fibrous connective tissue

Question 5

What is vascular tone?

Answer 5

The ability of a blood vessel’s smooth muscle to maintain a state of partial contraction

Question 6

What are elastic arteries known for?

Answer 6

Function as pressure reservoirs that stretch during ventricular contraction and recoil during ventricular relaxation

Question 7

What characterizes muscular arteries?

Answer 7

Contain more smooth muscle and less elastic connective tissue than elastic arteries

Question 8

What are arterioles also known as?

Answer 8

Small arteries

Question 9

What is the primary function of capillaries?

Answer 9

Exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue cells

Question 10

What are precapillary sphincters?

Answer 10

Rings of smooth muscle fibers that control blood flow through capillaries

Question 11

What type of capillaries are most common?

Answer 11

Continuous capillaries

Question 12

Where are fenestrated capillaries primarily found?

Answer 12

• Kidneys
• Small intestine
• Endocrine glands

Question 13

What is the function of sinusoids?

Answer 13

Allow passage of larger substances such as proteins and blood cells

Question 14

What are veins characterized by compared to arteries?

Answer 14

Thinner walls and less smooth muscle and elastic tissue

Question 15

What percentage of blood volume is contained in systemic veins and venules at rest?

Answer 15

About 64%

Question 16

What is the function of valves in veins?

Answer 16

Prevent backflow of blood

Question 17

True or False: The skeletal muscle pump helps move venous blood back to the heart.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is diffusion in the context of capillary exchange?

Answer 18

The most important method of capillary exchange where substances move across capillary walls

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid is called _______.

Answer 19

Filtration

Question 20

What are the four pressures that determine bulk flow across blood capillary walls collectively referred to as?

Answer 20

Starling forces

Question 21

What does the net filtration pressure (NFP) indicate?

Answer 21

The direction of fluid movement

Question 22

How is the lymphatic system structured?

Answer 22

Composed of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphoid organs and tissues

Question 23

What are the four primary functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 23

• Drains excess interstitial fluid
• Returns filtered plasma proteins
• Carries out immune responses
• Transports dietary lipids

Question 24

What is the formula for blood flow (F)?

Answer 24

F = ΔP / R

Question 25

What factors affect resistance to blood flow?

Answer 25

* Blood viscosity * Blood vessel length * Blood vessel radius

Question 26

What does total peripheral resistance (TPR) refer to?

Answer 26

All vascular resistances offered by systemic blood vessels

Question 27

What is blood pressure?

Answer 27

The hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels

Question 28

What is systolic pressure (SP)?

Answer 28

The highest blood pressure attained in arteries during systole

Question 29

What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculated as?

Answer 29

MAP = DP + 1/3 PP

Question 30

What does vascular compliance refer to?

Answer 30

The ability of a hollow object to stretch

Question 31

What is the equation for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

Answer 31

MAP = DP + 1/3 PP

Question 32

What does MAP stand for?

Answer 32

Mean Arterial Pressure

Question 33

What is vascular compliance?

Answer 33

The ability of a hollow object to stretch

Question 34

Define compliance in terms of volume and pressure.

Answer 34

C = ΔV / ΔP

Question 35

What is the compliance of veins compared to arteries?

Answer 35

Veins have high compliance; arteries have low compliance

Question 36

What is the relationship between blood flow velocity and cross-sectional area?

Answer 36

Velocity is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area

Question 37

Where is blood flow the slowest?

Answer 37

In the capillaries

Question 38

What is venous return?

Answer 38

The volume of blood flowing back to the heart through systemic veins

Question 39

List factors that help return venous blood to the heart.

Answer 39

* Venous pressure gradient * Venous valves * Skeletal muscle pump * Respiratory pump * Venoconstriction

Question 40

Which organ receives 100% of cardiac output from the right ventricle?

Answer 40

The lungs

Question 41

What is vascular tone?

Answer 41

A state of partial contraction in arteriolar smooth muscle

Question 42

What are the two methods of controlling arteriolar radii?

Answer 42

* Intrinsic control * Extrinsic control

Question 43

What are the two types of intrinsic control?

Answer 43

* Physical changes * Local mediators

Question 44

What promotes vasodilation in intrinsic control?

Answer 44

Increased levels of CO2, K+, H+, adenosine, nitric oxide, bradykinin, histamine, and low O2

Question 45

What causes vasoconstriction in intrinsic control?

Answer 45

* Thromboxane * Superoxide radicals * Serotonin * Endothelin * Low O2 in pulmonary circulation

Question 46

What is the difference between active and reactive hyperemia?

Answer 46

Active hyperemia is due to increased metabolic activity; reactive hyperemia is due to blocked blood supply

Question 47

Name the two types of extrinsic control.

Answer 47

* Nerves * Hormones

Question 48

What type of receptors do most arterioles contain?

Answer 48

α1-adrenergic receptors

Question 49

What is the significance of baroreceptors?

Answer 49

They help regulate blood pressure by sending input to the cardiovascular center

Question 50

What are the two most important baroreceptor reflexes?

Answer 50

* Carotid sinus reflex * Aortic reflex

Question 51

What is orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 51

Excessive lowering of systemic blood pressure when assuming an erect or semi-erect posture

Question 52

What stimulates chemoreceptors?

Answer 52

Hypoxia, acidosis, or hypercapnia

Question 53

What hormone causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure?

Answer 53

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 54

What is shock?

Answer 54

Failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2 and nutrients

Question 55

List the four different types of shock.

Answer 55

* Hypovolemic shock * Cardiogenic shock * Vascular shock * Obstructive shock

Question 56

What are the signs and symptoms of shock?

Answer 56

* Systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg * Rapid resting heart rate * Weak and rapid pulse * Cool, pale, clammy skin * Altered mental state * Reduced urine formation * Thirst * Low blood pH (acidosis) * Nausea

Question 57

What activates the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system?

Answer 57

Decreased blood volume or blood flow to the kidneys

Question 58

True or False: Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase cardiac output.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

What does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) do?

Answer 59

Lowers blood pressure by causing vasodilation and promoting salt and water loss