Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

mass

A

quantity of matter that a substance possess

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3
Q

weight

A

varies as the gravitational constant does

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4
Q

inertia

A

property of an object that resists change of position or motion

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5
Q

density

A

relationship of mass to a unit volume (m/V)

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6
Q

states of matter

A
  • solid (definite shape and size), liquid (definite volume, no definite shape), gas (no definite shape or volume)
  • change states by adding or removing heat
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7
Q

pure substance

A

-can be divided into the smallest particle that still holds the properties of the substance

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8
Q

element

A

-only made of one kind of atom

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9
Q

atom

A

-basic building block of matter, cannot be easily created or destroyed

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10
Q

compound

A
  • two or more atoms of an element joined together in a pure substance (usually ionic)
  • properties of compounds are different than those of the individual elements that make it up
  • homogeneous
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11
Q

Law of Definite Proportion

A

-compound always contains its component elements in fixed ratio (by mass)

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12
Q

molecule

A

two or more elements joined together (usually covalently) (compounds are molecules, not vice versa)

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13
Q

mixture

A
  • composition is indefinite (heterogeneous or homogeneous)

- parts of the mixture react differently (expand the solvent, etc.)

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14
Q

physical property

A
  • something that can be observed (no change occurring to the structure of it’s smallest component)
  • ex: color, odor, solubility, density, melting point
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15
Q

chemical property

A
  • observation made when something changes chemically (reacts with another substance)
  • iron rusting in moist air, water decomposition (any synthesis, decomposition, or reaction)
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16
Q

physical change

A
  • does not alter the composition of the matter, usually a change in form or state
  • often a reversible process (water changing state)
17
Q

chemical change

A
  • change in composition and structure of a substance

- always accompanied by energy changes

18
Q

exothermic reaction

A

-energy released from forming a substance is greater than the energy put in by reactants (ΔH<0 because released energy)

19
Q

endothermic reaction

A

-new structure absorbs more energy in formation than what the reactants add (ΔH>0 bc energy put in)

20
Q

activation energy

A

-the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction

21
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A

-matter can neither be created nor destroyed

22
Q

energy

A
  • the capacity to do work (work is done when a force is applied over a distance, measured in Joules like energy)
    4. 18x10^3 J = 1 kilocalorie
  • necessary for both physical and chemical changes
  • converted from one form to another
23
Q

forms of energy

A

-heat, light, sound, mechanical energy, chemical energy, electrical energy

24
Q

potential energy

A

-stored energy from overcoming forces in nature

25
kinetic energy
-energy of motion
26
enthalpy (ΔH)
ΔH= Hproducts- Hreactants | -change in heat energy in a system
27
Law of Conservation of Energy
energy is neither created nor destroyed, just transferred between the system and surroundings
28
Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy
-mass and energy are interchangeable under certain conditions
29
scientific method
logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, and then theories
30
qualitative/quantitative
- quantitative: making measurements to describe | - qualitative: descriptions of nature
31
temperature
K= C+273
32
specific heat capactiy
-amount of energy required to raise one gram of a substance by one degree
33
precision vs. accuracy
- precision: how reliable or close each measurement was to another - accuracy: how close a measurement is to the accepted value