Chapter 1: Introduction Flashcards
Suffix
word element placed at the end of a word that changes the meaning of the word
Prefix
a word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root
pre- means
before
basic components of words (3)
word root, suffix, combining form, and prefix
combining form
arthr/o
combining vowels
o and “i”
post- means
after
suffix -itis
inflammation
gastr means
stomach
location of prefixes
beginning of a word
location of suffixes
end of a word
word root
foundation of a word, such as cardi and arthr
The 4 elements used to form medical words are
root, combining form, suffix, and prefix
A root is the main part or foundation of a word. In the words arthritis, arthroma, and artroscope, the root is:
arthr
What is the usual combining vowel?
o
A word root links a suffix that begins with a _______.
vowel
A combining vowel links ________ roots to each other
multiple
A combining form links a suffix that begins with a _______.
consonant.
Whenever a prefix stands alone it will be followed by a _________.
hyphen
In the term intramuscular, intra- is the ________.
prefix
nephritis
inflammation of the kidneys
arthrodesis
fixation of a joint
nephr-
Kidney
-desis
fixation or binding
dermatitis
inflammation of the skin
derm-
skin
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture of a joint
-centesis
surgical puncture
gastrectomy
excision of the stomach
hepat/o
liver
arthr-
joint
oste/o
bone
cholangi/o
bile vessel
RULE #1
a word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel
RULE #2
a combining form (root+o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant
RULE #3
a combining vowel links a root to another root to form a compound word.
append-
appendix
-ectomy
excision, removal
gastr-
stomach
-itis
inflammation
colon/o OR -col-
colon
-scope
instrument for examining
-enter-
intestine (usually small intestine)
chondr
cartilage
Mast/ectomy
excision of a breast
mast-
breast
tonsil/itis
inflammation of the tonsil
colon/o/scope
instrument to examine the colon
oste/o/malacia
softening of a bone
-malacia
softening of the
post/nat/al
the period after birth
arthr/o/centesis
a surgical puncture of a joint
arthr/o/pathy
disease of the joints
a prefix that means before is
pre-
the combining form for stomach is
gastr/o
the suffix for disease is
-pathy
the combining form for breast is
mast/o
the suffix that means instrument to examine is
-scope
the combining form append/o refers to
appendix
gastro/enter/itis
is an inflammation of the stomach and the (small) intestine
the suffix for surgical puncture is
-centesis
col/itis
inflammation of colon
gastr/o/scope
instrument for examining the stomach
hepat/itis
inflammation of the liver
pre/nat/al
pertaining to the period before birth
tonsil/ectomy
excision of the tonsils
tonsill/itis
inflammation of the tonsils
Rule applied and summary: append/ectomy
1: A WR links a suffix that begins with a vowel
Rule applied and summary: arthr/o/centesis
2: A CF links a suffix that begins with a consonant
Rule applied and summary: col/ectomy
1: A WR links a suffix that begins with a vowel
Rule applied and summary: colon/o/scope
2: A CF links a suffix that begins with a consonant
Rule applied and summary: gastr/itis
1: A WR links a suffix that begins with a vowel
Rule applied and summary: gastr/o/enter/o/col/itis
3,1: A CF links multiple roots to each other. This rule holds true even if the next word root begins with a vowel. A WR links a suffix that begins with a vowel.
Rule applied and summary: arthr/o/pathy
2: A CF links a suffix that begins with a consonant
Rule applied and summary: oste/o/arthr/itis
3,1: A CF links multiple roots to each other. This rule holds true even if the next word root begins with a vowel. A WR links a suffix that begins with a vowel
Rule applied and summary: oste/o/chondr/itis
3,1: A CF links multiple roots to each other. This rule hold true even if the next word root begins with a vowel. A WR links a suffix that begins with a vowel.
The diacritical mark “¯” is called
macron
The diacritical mark “µ” is called
breve
The ¯ indicated the ___________ sound of vowels.
long
The µ indicated the ___________sound of vowels.
short
The combination ch is sometimes pronounced like_________. ie cholesterol, cholemia
k
When pn is a the beginning of a word, it is pronouced only with the sound of ___. ie pneumonia, pneumotoxin.
n
when pn is in the middle of a word, the p (is/isn’t) pronounced. ie ortheopnea, hyperpnea.
is
when i is at the end of a word, it is pronounced like (eye, ee)
eye
For ae and oe, only the (first, second) vowel is pronounced. ie bursae, pleurae
second
when e and es from the final letters of a word, they are commonly pronounced as (combined, separate) syllables. ie syncope, systole, nares.
seperate
What is the plural and rule of: sarcoma
sarcomata: retain the ma and add ta
What is the plural and rule of: thrombus
thrombi: drop us and add i
What is the plural and rule of: appendix
appendices: drop ix and add ices
What is the plural and rule of: diverticulum
diverticula: drop um and add a
What is the plural and rule of: ovary
ovaries: drop y and add ies.
What is the plural and rule of: diagnosis
diagnoses: drop is and add es.
What is the plural and rule of: lumen
lumina: drop en and add ina
What is the plural and rule of: vertbra
vertebrae: retain and a and add e
What is the plural and rule of: thorax
thoraces: drop the x and add ces
What is the plural and rule of: spermatozoon
spermatozoa: drop on and add a
oste/o/clasis
surgical breaking or fracture of a bone to correct a deformity AKA osteoclasia
-clasis
surgical breaking or fracturing
arthr/o/desis
binding or fixation of a joint
apprend/ectomy
excision or removal of the appendix
thromb/o/lysis
separation, destruction, or loosening of a blood clot
thromb-
blood clot
-lysis
separation, destruction, or loosening
mast/o/pexy
surgical fixation of the breasts
-pexy
surgical fixation
rhino/o/plasty
surgical repair of the nose
-plasty
surgical repair of
my/o/rrhaphy
suture of the muscle
my/o
muscle
-rrhaphy
suture
trache/o/stomy
forming an opening into the trachea
trache/o
trachea
-stomy
forming an opening
oste/o/tome
instrument to cut bone
-tome
instrument to cut
trache/o/tomy
incision of the trachea
-tomy
incision
lith/o/tripsy
crushing a stone or calculus
-tripsy
crushing of a
lith/o
stone or calculus
electr/o/cardi/o/gram
record of electrical activity of the heart
elect/o
electrical
cardi/o
heart
-gram
record of
cardi/o/graph
instrument to record electrical activity of the heart
-graph
instrument to record
angi/o/graphy
process of recording images of blood vessels (recording images of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium)
angi/o
blood vessel
-graphy
process of recording images of
pelv/i/meter
instrument for measuring the pelvis
pelv/i
pelvis
-meter
instrument for measuring
pelv/i/metry
act of measuring the pelvis
-metry
act of measuring
endo/scope
instrument for examining within (inside a hollow organ or cavity)
endo-
within (inside a hollow organ or cavity)
endo/scopy
visual examination within
-scopy
visual examination
neur/algia
pain in a nerve; pain along the path of a nerve
neur-
nerve
-algia
pain
ot/o/dynia
pain in the ear
ot/o
ear
-dynia
pain in
hepat/o/cele
hernia or swelling of the liver
-cele
hernia or swelling of
bronchi/ectasis
dilation or expansion of a bronchus or bronchi
bronchi
bronchus
-ectasis
dilation or expansion of
lymph/edema
swelling of lymph tissue (tissue fluid)
lymph
lymph tissue
-edema
swelling of
hyper/emesis
excessive or above normal vomiting
hyper-
excessive or above normal
-emesis
vomiting
an/emia
without blood
an-
without, not
-emia
blood condition
chol/e/lith/iasis
presence or formation of gallstones
chol/e
gallbladder or common bile duct
lith
stone, calculus
iasis
presence or formation
gastr/itis
inflammation of the stomach
chol/e/lith
gallstone
chondr/o/malacia
softening of cartilage
cardi/o/megaly
enlargement of the heart
-megaly
enlargement of
neur/oma
tumor composed of nerve cells
-oma
tumor
cyan/osis
abnormal condition of blueness
cyan-
blueness
-osis
abnormal condition; increase
my/o/pathy
disease of muscle
-pathy
disease of the
erythr/o/penia
abnormal decrease or deficiency in red (rbc)
-penia
abnormal decrease or deficiency
erythr/o
red (rbc)
hem/o/phobia
fear of blood
-phobia
fear of
hem/o
blood
hemi/plegia
paralysis of one half (paralysis of one side of the body)
-plegia
paralysis of
hemi/
one half
hem/o/rrhage
bursting forth of blood
-rrhage, -rrhangia
bursting forth of (loss of large amount of)
men/o/rrhangia
bursting forth of menses (blood during menstruation)
men/o
menses (blood during menstruation)
-rrhangia
bursting forth of ( profuse discharge of)
dia/rrhea
discharge or flow through (frequent discharge or flow of fluid fecal matter from the bowel)
dia-
through, across
-rrhea
discharge, flow
arteri/o/rrhexis
rupture of an artery
-rrhexis
rupture of the
arteri/o
artery
arteri/o/stenosis
narrowing or stricture of an artery
-stenosis
narrowing or stricture of
hepat/o/toxic
poisonous or toxic to the liver
-toxic
poisonous or toxic to the
dys/trophy
bad development or nourishment (abnormal condition caused by defective nutrition or metabolism)
-trophy
nourishment, development
a/mast/ia
without a breast
a-/an-
without
-ia
condition
/mast/
breast
an/esthesia
without feeling
circum/duction
act of leading around (movement of an extremity in a circular direction)
circum-
around
-duction
act of leading, bringing, conducting
peri/odont/al
pertaining to around a tooth
peri-
around
odont
teeth
-al
pertaining to
dia/therm/y
process of generating heat through (some part of the body)
therma
heat
y
condition, process
trans/vagin/al
pertaining to through or across the vagina
trans-
through, across
vagin
vagina
dipl/opia
double vision
dipl-/diplo
double
-opia
vision
diplo/bacteri/al
pertaining to a paired bacteria
bacteri
bacteria
dys/phonia
difficulty in speaking
dys-
bad, painful, difficult
-phonia
voice
endo/crine
secrete within
-crine
secrete
intra/muscul/ar
pertaining to within the muscle
intra-
in, within
muscul
muscle
-ar
pertaining to
homo/graft
transplantation of same (tissue between the same species)
homo-
same
-graft
transplantation
-plasia
formation, growth
homeo/plasia
formation or growth of new tissue similar to that already existing in a part
hypo/derm/ic
pertaining to under the skin
hypo-
under, below, deficient
derm
skin
-ic
pertaining to
macro/cyte
abnormally large erythroctye, such as those found in pernicious anemia
macro-
large
-cyte
cell
micro/scope
instrument for examining small objects
micro-
small
mono/therapy
one treatment
mono-
one
-therapy
treatment
uni/nucle/ar
pertaining to one nucleus
uni-
one
nucle
nucleus
post-
after, behind
nat
birth
pre-
before, in front of
pro/gnosis
before knowing (prediction of the course and end of a disease and the estimated chance of recovery)
pro-
before, in front of
-gnosis
knowing
primi/gravida
woman pregnant for the first time
primi-
first
-gravida
pregnant woman
retro/version
turning backward (tipping backward of an organ, such as the uterus, from its normal position)
retro-
backward, behind
-version
turning
super/ior
pertaining to upper or above (toward the head or upper portion of a structure)
super-
upper, above
-ior
pertaining to
Plural of word ending in “on”
drop “on” and add “a”
Plural of word ending in “ax”
drop “x” and add “ces”
Plural of word ending in “bra”
drop “a” and add “e”
Plural of word ending in “men”
drop “en” and add “ina”
Plural of word ending in “osis”
drop “is” and add “es”
Plural of word ending in “ary”
drop “y” and add “ies”
Plural of word ending in “culum”
drop the “um” and add “a”
Plural of word ending in “dix”
drop the “ ix” and add “ices”
Plural of word ending in “bus”
drop the “us” and add “i”
Plural of word ending in “oma”
drop the “ma” and add “ta”
