CHAPTER 1 - HEMOSTASIS Flashcards
purplish red, pinpoint hemorrhagic spots in the skin
Petechiae
caused by loss of capillary ability to withstand normal blood pressure and trauma.
Petechiae
1-2 mm
Petechiae
cause: rupture of weak capillary (due to genetics, thrombocytopenia (low plt ct))
Petechiae
non-blanching (Diff to rash) or non-palpable
Petechiae
produced by hemorrhage of blood into small areas of skin, mucous membranes, and other tissues
Purpura
First appears red-purple the turns brownish yellow
Purpura
> or = 3 mm
Purpura
Bigger than Petechiae
Purpura
Coalesced Petechiae (united)
Purpura
small areas of the skin and mm, and other tissues
Purpura
cause: bleeding under the skin (hemmorhage)
Purpura
Purpura types:
(exists on the kin)
(from the skin, deeper to mm)
more significat
dry type
wet type
wet type
appears like hemmorhagic blisters
Purpura
indicates thrombocytopenia)
Purpura
non-blanching or palpable
Purpura
a form of purpura in which blood escapes into large areas of skin or mucous membranes, but not into deep tissue.
Ecchymosis
Appears Black/blue then turns greenish brown to yellow
Ecchymosis
> 1-2 cms
Ecchymosis
bruising on large areas of the skin (subcutaneous accumulation of blood)
Ecchymosis
difference in color is caused by breakdown of Hb to biliverdin to bilirubiin
Ecchymosis
Cause: on going coagulation or damage to the blood
Ecchymosis
Nosebleed
Epistaxis
One of the symptoms of vascular fragility
Epistaxis
low plt ct or genetic cause
Epistaxis
Petechiae
significance: vasc fragility (hema)
Epistaxis
leakage of blood into a joint cavity
Hemarthrosis (-ses for plural)
Cause: trauma
Hemarthrosis (-ses for plural)
attributed to bleeding disorders ex: Hemophilia, any other casesw/ cog factor deficiency
Hemarthrosis (-ses for plural)
vomiting of blood
Hematemesis
Cause: ulceration in the GIT
Hematemesis
vomiting from GI
Hematemesis
happens when blood vessels does not close
Hematemesis
Hematemesis 3 components:
o BV
o CF
o Plt
expectoration of blood secondary to hemorrhage in the larynx, trachea, bronchi or lungs
Hemoptysis
Spitting of blood from the respiratory system
Hemoptysis
a swelling or tumor in the tissues or a body cavity that contains clotted blood
Hematoma
> 2-3 cm
Hematoma
solid clot causing swelling under skin
Hematoma
cause: broken blood vessels and bleeding disorders
Hematoma
hard and painful
Hematoma
in vivo blood clot causing vascular occlusion and tissue ischemia
7 fates:
- travels around the body
propagation
-clot w/ many substances
Emboli formation
Emboli formation 3 cpts:
plt
trapped rbc
fibrin
floating in the cavities
Foreign body
- clot gets infected
Abscession
- normal; dissolving of clot once formed
Dissolution
dissolution of clot
fibrnolysis
thrombus stocked can impede blood flow causing kidney shutdown
stock in canals
Recanalize
Tissue ischemia
Recanalize
cannot fibrinolize
- clot calcifies
Calsification
formation, presence of a clot in a blood vessel
Thrombosis
presence of intact red cells in the urine
Hematuria
Intact rbc
Hematuria
Fresh bleeding near the sex organ
Hematuria
bleeding in the lower portion (urethra, bladder)
Hematuria
Clear, yellow after centrifugation
Hematuria
presence of hemoglobin in the urine
Hemoglobinur ia
Lysed rbc
Hemoglobinur ia
bleeding in the upper portion (kidney)
Hemoglobinur ia
Red after centrifugation
Hemoglobinur ia
passage of dark tarry stool containing decomposing blood
Melena
Dark tarry red stool
Melena
dried up blood
Melena
bleeding in the upper GIT
Melena
excessive menstrual bleeding
Menorrhagia
Heavy bleeding
Menorrhagia
lasts for > 7 days
Menorrhagia
cause: hormonal or fibroids (cysts)
Menorrhagia
resulting to anemia
Menorrhagia
passage of blood in feces
Hematochezia
Bright red stool
Hematochezia
fresh bleeding
Hematochezia
bleeding in the lower GIT
Hematochezia
decreased formation of clots
HYPOCOAGULATION
increased formation of clots
HYPERCOAGULATION
bleeeding disorders
HYPOCOAGULATION
thrombotic/clotting disorders
HYPERCOAGULATION
: a complex mechanism that,
-retains the blood within the vascular system during periods of injury (vasoconstriction)
-localizes the reaction involved to the site of injury. (platelet adhesion and aggregation)
-repairs and re-establishes blood flow through the injured vessels. (Coagulation and fibrinolysis)
HEMOSTASIS
-retains the blood within the vascular system during periods of injury (?)
vasoconstriction
-localizes the reaction involved to the site of injury. (?)
platelet adhesion and aggregation
-repairs and re-establishes blood flow through the injured vessels. (?)
Coagulation and fibrinolysis
Three Components of Hemostasis:
1) Extravascular component
2) Vascular component
3) Intravascular component
Stages of Hemostasis
B. Secondary Hemostasis
-Activated by large injuries to the blood vessel, releasing tissue factor.
Steps involved:
a) Activation of coagulation proteins.
b) Stabilization of platelet plug.
c) Fibrinolysis.
-Characteristics: Delayed, long term
-Regulation: Naturally occurring inhibitors block activated coagulation factors to avoid
a) Blood vessel constriction
b) Platelet function cascade
c) Product: Platelet plug formation
-activated by desquamation of damaged endothelial cells from small tissue injuries.
A. Primary Hemostasis
-Characteristics: Rapid, short-lived response.
A. Primary Hemostasis
-Activated by large injuries to the blood vessel, releasing tissue factor.
B. Secondary Hemostasis
B. Secondary Hemostasis Steps involved:
a) Activation of coagulation proteins
b) Stabilization of platelet plug.
c) Fibrinolysis.
-Characteristics: Delayed, long term
B. Secondary Hemostasis
-Regulation: Naturally occurring inhibitors block activated coagulation factors to avoid widespread coagulation.
B. Secondary Hemostasis
: These substances work against the coagulation process, preventing blood coagulation.
1) ANTICOAGULANTS
Warfarin is an example of this.
1) ANTICOAGULANTS
: initiates the process of fibrinolysis or blood clot degradation.
2) FIBRINOLYTIC
: substances that keep the blood vessels from narrowing or contracting.
3) VASODILATOR
It causes the blood vessel’s interior (lumen) to widen.
3) VASODILATOR
: substances that tighten or shrink the blood vessels.
4) VASOCONSTRICTOR
It causes the blood vessels’ lumen to be smaller.
4) VASOCONSTRICTOR
: a substance that is necessary for the coagulation of blood to occur.
5) PROCOAGULANT
These promote/stimulate coagulation,
hence known as “hemostatic agents.”
5) PROCOAGULANT
Examples of these are Tissue factor and FXa.
5) PROCOAGULANT
