Chapter 1 - Concepts of Abnormality Throughout History

Question 1

What are the Elements of Abnormality?

Answer 1

1. Statistical Concept
2. Personal Distress
3. Personal Dysfunction
4. Violation of the Societal Norms
5. Diagnosis by an expert

Question 2

What did Hippocrates propose as the causes of mental disorders?

Answer 2

1. Natural causes
2. He associated dreams and personality
3. Disturbances in bodily fluids

Question 3

What are the tenets of Plato’s view on mental disorders?

Answer 3

1. Are a response to the whole organism, not just one part
2. Emphasized individual differences and sociocultural influences
3. Pioneer in discussing hospital care

Question 4

What was Aristotle’s view on treatment of mental disorders?

Answer 4

1. Advocated for humane treatment

2. Agreed with Hippocrates view on bodily fluids

Question 5

What was key to Roman medicine for mental disorders?

Answer 5

Comfort

Question 6

What did Galen provide?

Answer 6

An anatomy of the nervous system

Question 7

How were mental disorders treated in the Arab world historically?

Answer 7

Asylums were designed around comfort and kindness to the patients

Question 8

What was seen as the cause of mental disorders in 500-1500 AD (Middle Ages)?

Answer 8

Supernatural Causes

Question 9

What were some of the ‘mass madness’ phenomenon seen in Europe in the Middle Ages?

Answer 9

1. Tarantism/Saint Vitus’s Dance

2. Lycanthropy

Question 10

What was a popular European treatment of mental illness in the Middle Ages?

Answer 10

Exorcism

Question 11

What are the symptoms of St. Vitus’ Dance?

Answer 11

Rapid uncoordinated movements primarily affecting the face, hands and feet

Question 12

What are the biological causes of St. Vitus’ Dance?

Answer 12

An autoimmune response that occurs after an infection by group A B-hemolytic streptococci that destroys cells in the basal ganglia

Question 13

What are some of the triggers of the autoimmune response that causes St. Vitus’ Dance?

Answer 13

Cerebrovascular accidents
Collagen vascular diseases
Drug intoxication
Huntington's disease
Hyperthyroidism
Rheumatic fever

Question 14

What did the Renaissance (16th century) bring to the understanding and treatment of mental disorders?

Answer 14

A resurge of scientific questioning

Establishment of asylums and workhouses - often prison-like places

Question 15

What did the Enlightenment (18th century) bring to the treatment of mental disorders?

Answer 15

A philosophical movement that pushed for more humane treatment of the mentally ill

Question 16

What did Philippe Pinel do?

Answer 16

In France, Pinel experimented with treating mental patients with kindness and pushed for more humane treatment

Question 17

Who was Tuke?

Answer 17

A man in England who performed similar experiments to Pinel in France

Question 18

Who was Benjamin Rush?

Answer 18

An American who pushed for moral management in the treatment of mental patients

Question 19

What did Dorothy Dix campaign aggressively for?

Answer 19

From 1841 to 1881, she fought against the inhumane treatment of the mentally ill

Question 20

What were some 19th century views on mental disorders?

Answer 20

Medical professionals (alienists) gained control of asylums.
Alienists touted morality as important to mental health.

Question 21

What was Benedict Morel’s theory on the cause of mental disorders?

Answer 21

Degeneration theory - deviations in normal function were transmitted via genetics

Question 22

What did Emil Kraepelin publish in 1883?

Answer 22

Clinical Psychiatry: the first attempt to classify mental illnesses

Question 23

Groups of symptoms of mental illnesses (Kraepelin)

Answer 23

Syndromes

Question 24

What did Richard Von Krafft-Ebing establish?

Answer 24

A connection between GPI (general paresis of the insane) and infection (syphilis)

Question 25

What was ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) used to treat during it’s initial use?

Answer 25

Schizophrenia

Question 26

What is still used as a last line treatment for depression?

Answer 26

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Question 27

When and why did psychopharmacology emerge?

Answer 27

In the 1950s in response to mental illness being seen as connected to disordered brain chemistry

Question 28

What are one of the benefits of antipsychotics?

Answer 28

Take away delusions and hallucinations that allow for more normal functioning in regular society

Question 29

What did Jean Charcot believe?

Answer 29

Hypnotism could treat psychological factors involved with hysteria

Question 30

What Josef Breuer use to have clients free-talk about past events?

Answer 30

Hypnosis

Question 31

Who is the ‘father’ of psychoanalysis?

Answer 31

Sigmund Freud

Question 32

What does psychoanalysis emphasize?

Answer 32

Inner dynamics of unconscious motives

Question 33

What does psychoanalysis concentrate on?

Answer 33

1. Catharsis
2. The unconscious
3. Free association
4. Dream analysis

Question 34

What is behaviourism?

Answer 34

The belief that your experiences, culture, childhood etc. shape your behaviours.

Question 35

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 35

A type of learning (via Pavlov) where a response is transferred from one stimulus to another

Question 36

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 36

A type of learning (via Skinner) where the consequences of behaviour are important in influencing future behaviour

Question 37

What factors contributed to Canada’s deinstitutionalization in the 1960’s?

Answer 37

Humanitarian
Scientific - surge of scientific activity
Economic - strong economy
Societal

Question 38

What were the three main processes in Canada’s deinstitutionalization in the 1960’s?

Answer 38

1. Reduce dependence on psychiatric hospitals
2. Increase psychiatric beds in general hospitals
3. Growth of community based outpatient services

Question 39

Was the deinstitutionalization process successful?

Answer 39

More so in major cities - lack of community resources in rural areas remains a challenge