Chapter 1 - An evolving science

Question 1

Biological macromolecules

Answer 1

Large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

Question 2

Metabolites

Answer 2

Low-molecular weight molecules such as glucose and glycerol.

Question 3

The 3 fundamental domains

Answer 3

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

Question 4

The defining characteristic of eukaryotes is

Answer 4

The presence of a well defined nucleus in each cell.

Question 5

Prokaryotes

Answer 5

Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus.

Question 6

Monomer

Answer 6

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Question 7

4 DNA monomers

Answer 7

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

Question 8

The DNA backbone is built of

Answer 8

repeating sugar-phosphate units.

Question 9

In DNA, the sugar is

Answer 9

deoxyribose.

Question 10

In DNA, each sugar is connected to

Answer 10

two phosphate groups through different linkages.

Question 11

DNA base pairs are held together by

Answer 11

hydrogen bonds.

Question 12

Adenine pairs with

Answer 12

Thymine

Question 13

Guanine pairs with

Answer 13

Cytosine

Question 14

Adenine structure

Answer 14

Question 15

Thymine structure

Answer 15

Question 16

Guanine structure

Answer 16

Question 17

Cytosine structure

Answer 17

Question 18

A system refers to

Answer 18

the matter within a defined region of space.

Question 19

The surroundings refers to

Answer 19

the matter in the rest of the universe that is not in the system.

Question 20

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 20

The total energy of a system and its surroundings is constant.

Question 21

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 21

The total entropy of a system plus that of its surroundings always increases.

Question 22

What is hemoglobin’s role in the body?

Answer 22

Carries oxygen in our blood.

Question 23

On average, each pair of individuals has a different base in one position in their DNA approximately

Answer 23

one out of every 200 bases.

Question 24

2 primary ways DNA and protein differ.

Answer 24

• Proteins have 20 building blocks while DNA has 4.
  
  • Proteins spontaneously fold into elaborate three-dimensional structures.

Question 25

What determines the structure of a protein.

Answer 25

The sequence of its amino acids.

Question 26

The fundamental unit of hereditary information is the

Answer 26

gene.

Question 27

The genes that are the simplest to define encode the sequences of

Answer 27

proteins.

Question 28

Codon

Answer 28

A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

Question 29

Genetic code

Answer 29

The set of rules that links the DNA sequence to the encoded protein sequence.

Question 30

Approximate number of protein-encoding genes.

Answer 30

20,000-25,000

Question 31

The protein-encoding region accounts for approximately ____% of the human genome.

Answer 31

3