Chapter 1 - An evolving science Flashcards

1
Q

Biological macromolecules

A

Large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

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2
Q

Metabolites

A

Low-molecular weight molecules such as glucose and glycerol.

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3
Q

The 3 fundamental domains

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

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4
Q

The defining characteristic of eukaryotes is

A

The presence of a well defined nucleus in each cell.

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5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus.

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6
Q

Monomer

A

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

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7
Q

4 DNA monomers

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine

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8
Q

The DNA backbone is built of

A

repeating sugar-phosphate units.

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9
Q

In DNA, the sugar is

A

deoxyribose.

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10
Q

In DNA, each sugar is connected to

A

two phosphate groups through different linkages.

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11
Q

DNA base pairs are held together by

A

hydrogen bonds.

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12
Q

Adenine pairs with

A

Thymine

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13
Q

Guanine pairs with

A

Cytosine

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14
Q

Adenine structure

A
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15
Q

Thymine structure

A
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16
Q

Guanine structure

17
Q

Cytosine structure

18
Q

A system refers to

A

the matter within a defined region of space.

19
Q

The surroundings refers to

A

the matter in the rest of the universe that is not in the system.

20
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

The total energy of a system and its surroundings is constant.

21
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

The total entropy of a system plus that of its surroundings always increases.

22
Q

What is hemoglobin’s role in the body?

A

Carries oxygen in our blood.

23
Q

On average, each pair of individuals has a different base in one position in their DNA approximately

A

one out of every 200 bases.

24
Q

2 primary ways DNA and protein differ.

A
  • Proteins have 20 building blocks while DNA has 4.
    • Proteins spontaneously fold into elaborate three-dimensional structures.
25
What determines the structure of a protein.
The sequence of its amino acids.
26
The fundamental unit of hereditary information is the
gene.
27
The genes that are the simplest to define encode the sequences of
proteins.
28
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
29
Genetic code
The set of rules that links the DNA sequence to the encoded protein sequence.
30
Approximate number of protein-encoding genes.
20,000-25,000
31
The protein-encoding region accounts for approximately \_\_\_\_% of the human genome.
3